Why so minorities in us prisons

There are a majority of minorities in the U. S. Prisons because of lack of education, low or falling wages, and low parental or family guidance, parents being incarcerated as they were child and poor conditions after they have been released from Jail or prison. These are the top few reasons for the large numbers of minorities in the prison population. Many have disagreed on these findings, but three researchers at Princeton University have concluded that these are the primary causes with the high population of minorities in the U.S. Prisons and Jails. According to Bruce Western, Meredith Clambake and Jake Responded during the asses through asses at least two- thirds of the population of criminals were placed in state or federal prisons for a felony conviction with a sentence of a year or maybe even longer depending on the crimes the inmates have committed. Between these years the rate in population averaged about one hundred to one hundred thousand of the U. S. Population to 470 pris oners per the population of one hundred thousand in 2001. The gap continued to grow between the rich and poor and had affected the admission rate because of he increasing crime offenses being committed among the low income men†. Jacobs & Helms 1996)(Greenberg & Western 2001). When Western and his colleagues continued their work they found out that in 2009 the ratios for the minorities against Caucasians was sufficiently much higher than average. African- Americans were almost seven times higher than that of the Caucasian males. (4,749 African-Americans v. 708 Caucasians). The ratio of Hispanics compared to Caucasians was more than 2. 5 times higher (1,822 Hispanic males v. 08 Caucasian males). The female ratios are much lower than the males but are still found in the population of minorities housed in the Jails and prisons throughout the United States. The numbers for the African-American females rated 3. 5 times higher than the Caucasian females housed in the prison populatio n. (333 African-Americans v. 91 Caucasian females) and the Hispanic females are 1. 5 times higher than the Caucasian females within the general prison population. (142 Hispanic females v. 91 Caucasian females). These numbers are calculated by per 100,000 general population throughout the states Jails and prisons in the United States.The next stages of their research inducted was of the different labor markets or employment status of the minorities throughout the general population housed in the Jails and prisons throughout the United States. The labor markets have a big influence on the high rate of imprisonment in two ways: the dramatically falling of their wages and Job opportunities and this increases the crime offenses and rates at the bottom of the economic ladder and this ends up generating the higher arrest rates, convictions and prison admissions throughout the United States. Western & Petit 2001) When this happened in the asses through the asses most African Americans turne d to rug dealing and other crimes to compensate for the loss in income and Job opportunities. Western and Petit observed with their research that males of both ethnicities that had stable sector Jobs where the work is consistent, routine and monitored often commit less crimes compared to those of the secondary labor market where employment is irregular all the time and isn't reliable.When the wages and employment rates are low it sometimes leads to crime indirectly by undermining the bonds between family members and neighbors. During the years 1967 through 1998 youth homicides were weakly related to income inequality and reliably related only to unemployment rates among Caucasians but not for the African Americans. Messier, Rarefaction and McMillan (2001) When Western conducted ethnographic research he has identified entrepreneurial gangs as the key sources of economic opportunities for the young males throughout the urban communities characterized by the chronically high rates of u nemployment.One of Westerns colleagues Bourgeois in 1996 conducted research that the Hispanic drug gangs view the sales and distribution of illegal drugs to help the depleted economic opportunities in their inner cities in which they live. With Western and his colleagues this can be stated that the evidence of the young men in the poor urban neighborhoods resorted to drug dealing and other crimes such as rape, robbery, homicide , murder and other such crimes to help compensate the funding they have lost due to the low labor markets of the asses.With the conclusion of this information Western and his colleagues found out that due to lack of Job opportunities the inmates often resorted to other means of getting income that are most of the time found in either poorly stricken neighborhoods that don't have a lot of Jobs for the offenders or due to the inmates arrest history that prevents them from being hired or rehired in Jobs they had obtain before they were placed into the system.The next part of Western and his fellow colleague's research was that they conducted several theories whether or not parental or family guidance or influence had anything to do with the high imprisonment rates of the minorities that are placed into the Jails or prisons throughout the United States. When Western and his colleagues were conducting their research they had done a survey on several of the minority inmates that either had single parents or both parents at home with them before being incarcerated.With Western findings he also stated that â€Å"when there are families with two parents they can monitor their children's activities and help keep them from straying toward the peer networks that often lead to crimes for delinquency. Families that have only one parent often struggle with the falling wages and employment rates and their children often end up committing crimes with high levels of violence to help their parents make amends for their loss of income and they also didn't have that parent guidance or supervision to help them from straying towards the crime offenses. †Western and his colleagues also conducted more research in this topic on whether the parents being incarcerated had anything to do with this high number of minorities being in the prisons or Jails throughout the United States. Their findings were supported by the findings of other researchers studying the same topic. In 1995 researcher Nancy G. La Veggie and her colleagues of the Urban Institute Justice Policy Center did a study on thirty-six children of incarcerated parents and found that the results of the parents being incarcerated often caused chronic sleeplessness, difficulties concentrating and high rates of depression.One other study that was conducted during this time being showed sixteen percent of children with parents behind bars often developed temporary school phobias that would lead to the children not willing to attend school for six or more weeks following their pa rents being place into Jail or prison. The children also had a tendency of developing emotional responses that would eventually build and develop into long-term reactive behaviors, coping patterns and possibly even criminal activity.When Nancy and her colleagues finished their research they were able to determine that with at least one aren't being incarcerated presents a unique factor for the children of the age of 10 or lower made them have anti-social or delinquent behaviors that would lead them to eventually committing crimes and being placed into Jails and prisons. So with this research it shows the repeating factors that some kids end up eventually following their parent's footsteps and will be eventually placed into the system.They also showed us that it is a never ending cycle starting with the parents and eventually going to the children. These are why Western and his colleagues believed that with owe parental control or guidance played a huge factor. According to the 1997 survey conducted of the inmates housed in the state and federal prisons and Jails throughout the United States. Western and his colleagues found out that on average the inmates averaged less than eleven years of schooling compared to more than the thirteen years of schooling among the men under the age of forty in normal everyday society. Western ; Petit 2005). Most of the correctional facilities find out that the imprisonment rate for African Americans is seven times higher than those of the Caucasians. With this being said African American and Caucasian high school dropouts are five times more than likely to go to prison or Jail at a year's time compared to the men from both ethnicities that have completed school. Due to the combination of racial and educational inequality affects the young African American male dropout more than the Caucasian male dropout.Western & Petit estimated that one in six African American dropouts was incarcerated in state and federal prisons each year st arting in the asses. In 2001 one percent of college educated African Americans were incarcerated in prisons throughout the United States. By 2008 Western and his colleague's surveys read that thirty-five percent of African-American children between the grades seventh through twelfth have been suspended or expelled at some point throughout their schooling careers compared to the twenty percent of Hispanics and the fifteen percent of Caucasian men.With the increasing crime rates in the poor urban neighborhoods provides the explanation that the rising rates of incarceration affected the young minority men and women that had little to no schooling at all which is why there are so many minorities in the orisons or Jails throughout the United States. The effects of incarceration on the life chances of inmates are profoundly detrimental.

Deviant Behavior and Consequences

Employees occasionally break the rules on the job. This behavior is called â€Å"work place deviance behaviors†. In the workplace when employees break rules on purpose this can affect the organization and its members negatively. Workplace deviance is classified into two categories-organizational deviance and deviance between people. On the hand in schools, teacher’s deviant behavior by breaking rules by breaking rules can affect the school and students in a negative way. The deviant behaviors of teachers can have serious consequences.These consequences can impact the welfare of others in the school setting that had nothing to do with the educator’s deviant behavior. In some cases it can cause a Domino effect to occur (one issue compounds on another issue, etc) According to Galperin &Burke (2006) teachers putting their reputation on the line means you can trust them and you can depend on them and you can depend on them doing the right thing. But when teachers beha ve negatively, it destroys all trust and belief in the person.The following information is a case of teacher’s deviant behaviors in a school setting, the impact of their behavior and others and the consequences of their devious acts. It is sad that Joe Paterno, head football coach at Penn State University failed to uncover the sexual acts against 10 boys by his assistant Jerry Sandusky for 15 years. After thorough investigations by the authorities 48 criminal charges were filed against the suspects Joe Paterno and Sandusky.This incident is a typical example of deviant behavior confirmed by a psychologist -Alycia Chambers who was invited by Penn State University to discuss the case. According to news reports students rioted for many days destroying cars and property. Another problem that occurred was that the NCAA levied a fine of $60 million dollars against Penn State University. Some Penalties against the University were: Five year probation, a four year post season ban, dis missal of all wins from 1998-2011 (which constitutes 112 wins), and the loss of 40 scholarships from  2013-2017.These penalties will be a problem for Penn State University and its football team for many years. As a result of this unfortunate occurrence at Penn State University, many other colleges across the nation have been affected too. Many of these colleges changed their rules to avoid similar problems of sex abuse scandals. In another case, Bishop Eddie Long. an Atlanta, Georgia Bishop of a prominent mega church of over 25,000 members was accused in a sexual scandal.According to the Huffington Post Newspaper, September 15, 2010 issue, Bishop Long is being accused of seducing 2 young men into sexual acts. These men’s lawyer, Bernstein, claimed Bishop Long abused his spiritual authority to seduce his clients with cars, money, clothes, jewelry, international trips and access to celebrities. Also, this case is considered a pedophile incident. If Bishop Long is found guilty of the charges, he stands to spend many years in prison. Thirdly, the Catholic Church has a long history of sex abuse scandal where the priests molest young boys in so many incidents.The former Pope Benedict and Pope Francis with all his Bishops have apologized to the entire world about this sad behavior. Although many of the deviant acts may seem negative, there are positive ones as well. According to Galperin (2002), deviance may have positive and negative effects. The positive ones are called â€Å"constructive deviance† while the negative effects are called â€Å"destructive deviance†. Galperin described constructive deviance as voluntary behavior that is contrary to the rules of any organization.On the positive side of deviant behavior is called â€Å"constructive deviance†. This consists of doing random acts of kindness such as raking some ones’ yard free of charge , helping an elderly person pump her or his gas or giving someone who is homeless a bag of groceries ; grab a couple of dozen sweets or bagels for coworkers; help someone load groceries into his car; giving homeless person a temporary place to stay; leave a hefty tip for friendly service at your favorite restaurant; donate unused books to any local library and leave change in a person’s parking meter.By doing these things without looking for a payback is participating in â€Å"constructive behavior†. The impact and consequences are more favorable. Doing more random acts of kindness in school settings are helping students with homework issues in an open session, assisting parents with economic issues, assisting parents to get children to school on time and by checking on student’s safety in and around the school grounds. Teachers doing these things without looking for a reward or pay back are participating in â€Å"constructive behavior†. ConclusionTeachers must build trust among students and exemplify professional decorum at all times. S tudents are not your equal. You are dealing with the ratio of an adult to a child. Students look up to teachers for positive guidance. Teachers are leaders in the school and community. Despicable leadership and deviant behavior causes an eruption to the person’s leadership style and derails and or demoralize the positives between the students and the teacher’s relationship. Students as well as their parents should feel they can attend school in a safe environment away from predators.

Black People and James Baldwin Essay

In Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Recitatif,† the story is about two girls, Twyla and Roberta. They grow up in an orphanage because their mothers could not care for them. Morrison makes it clear the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds but never states which one is black or white. At one point in the story Twyla comments, â€Å"We looked like salt and pepper. † I grew frustrated with the story and had to read it several times. I could never determine who was black and white and the lesson I learned should have been it doesn’t really matter. The story begins with Twyla’s mother dropping her off at the orphanage. She meets Roberta and they become best friends. The bond they share occurs because they were not considered real orphans. They were abandoned kids unlike the other children whose parents had died. One of the last times the girls see each other was the day of a visitation. On that night, Twyla’s mother was wearing â€Å"those tight green slacks that made her butt stick out. † Many people have labeled blacks as having larger butts. She could have been black, she could have been a heavy white woman with a large butt, or a Hispanic woman like me. But I automatically stereotyped and went with Twyla has to be black. During the visitation Roberta’s mother â€Å"had brought chicken legs. † Twyla notices Roberta does not eat the chicken legs. I always thought black people liked chicken more than white people which means Roberta was white since she did not eat the chicken. Or maybe she just wasn’t hungry. Shortly after that visitation Roberta’s mother came to take her home, leaving the girls devastated. They see each other several times throughout the years. At their first meeting, Roberta was rude and distant because she was high. Roberta tells Twyla she is on the way to see Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix was an infamous black guitarist. I thought at this point Roberta has to be black. However Hendrix’s band was interracial with a diverse audience. Roberta could have been white due to the diverse audience. I am a huge Hendrix fan and I am not black so why would I think Roberta is. Twelve years later they meet again at a grocery store. Roberta married a rich man and was extremely friendly to Twyla. Twyla cannot hold back her emotions and asks Roberta about the last time they saw each other. Roberta shrugs it off, â€Å"Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days: black—white. You know how everything was. † I can relate to this. In 1980, the Cuban Mariel Boat Lifts came over bring thousands of Cubans. I am Cuban but I was born here. Kids I had known since kindergarten treated me as if I just come over on the boats. It had a lasting effect on me and matured me beyond my years. The third time they meet is at the school where their children attend. Roberta and other mothers were picketing because they did not want their kids to be segregated. This led to a fight severing any last chance of a friendship for them as it would not be resolved until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time. As the story ends I do not get a sense of closure. The question of which girl is white or black remains unanswered. It opened my eyes and made me question how prejudice I really am. I try to not stereotype as a result of what I went through as a child but I found myself doing just that. I can understand why Morrison wrote the way she. I am not sure what her goal was overall but to me it seemed as if she were teaching me about prejudices. â€Å"Recitatif† challenged me to not judge either girl by their race but accept them for who they are. In the end, what difference did it really make about the girls’ races? The story is about how their friendship develops and then deteriorates. Nothing more; nothing less.

Eassay Analysis (human resources) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eassay Analysis (human resources) - Essay Example It guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, State and local government services, and telecommunications†¦ Persons with HIV disease, both symptomatic and asymptomatic, have physical impairments that substantially limit one or more major life activities and are, therefore, protected by the law. â€Å"(1) A. The act of Marion County in requiring an applicant be medically examined prior to any offer of a job is illegal. In a decided case it was ruled that the â€Å"Chicago Board of Educations requirement for any job applicant to provide a complete medical history and to submit to a medical examination is tantamount to requiring HIV status disclosure and is thus violative of the Disabilities Act (ADA), the Rehabilitation Act, and Federal and State constitutional guarantees to privacy and equal protection under the law.†(3) Thus the â€Å"Board agreed not require applicants to submit to the medical exam unless they have a conditional offer of employment.† (4) B. The act of denying Mr. Poole employment on account that he has AIDS. This allegation by Mr. Poole must first be proven. For him to find a basis for his allegation he must be found to possess all of the following: The ADA prohibits employment discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities. A "qualified individual with a disability" is a person who meets legitimate skill, experience, education, or other requirements of an employment position he or she holds or seeks, and who can perform the "essential functions" of the position with or without reasonable accommodation. (5) Essential functions of the job are those core duties that are the reason the job position exists†¦Requiring the ability to perform "essential" functions assures that an individual with a disability will not be considered unqualified because

What explains European technological leadership by the nineteenth Essay

What explains European technological leadership by the nineteenth century - Essay Example The Age of Exploration was in turn rooted in the new ideas, technologies and spirit of enquiry that grew out of the early periods of the Renaissance.Prior to the Age of Exploration, the most vibrant and active economies of Europe had been in Mediterranean regions like Italy and Greece.It all began with the Age of Exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries. European ships boldly ventured into the seas and oceans of the world in search of new trading routes and partners to fuel a newly emerging capitalism in many of the European countries. But as a direct outcome of the daring sea expeditions carried out in the Age of Exploration, a new European economy became dominant. Known as the Atlantic economy, it was run and controlled by countries of Western Europe, such as Britain, France, Germany and Holland. These countries became the wealthiest and most powerful economies in Europe, and continue to be so to the present day.Even as trans-oceanic trade became commonplace, Europe was undergoin g a commercial revolution. As trade and commerce assumed higher levels of importance, traders and merchants superceded feudal landowners to become the most powerful class in society. In relatively short time, for the first time in the history, the bourgeoisie began to take charge of the politics and government in the European nations. The European voyages of discovery led to a vast influx of precious metals from the New World and a wide variety of valuable commodities from Asian countries, thus raising prices, stimulating industry, and fostering a money economy. Expansion of trade and the money economy lead to the development of banks and other institutions of finance and credit. In the 17th century, the Dutch were in the forefront financially, but towards the end of the century, with the establishment of the Bank of England, Britain was set on the road of becoming the foremost economy in Europe. Capitalism kept on spreading, and a new class of commercial entrepreneur evolved from the old-type merchant adventurers. There was a fair amount of technolgy already present, many machines were known, and there were factories employing these machines and technology. However, these early and primitive factories were the exceptions rather than the rule, if only for the simple reason that they were still fuelled by wood. But soon the much more powerful coal would come to replace wood as the fuel of choice. At the beginning of the 18th century, the general population was rapidly expanding and were wealthier than ever before. People began demanding more and more goods of better and better quality (Columbia Enclyclopedia, 2004). In the second half of the eighteenth century, a great economic transformation began sweeping the countries of Europe. The Industrial Revolution has begun. Over a span of 100 years, by 1850's, industry would rapidly become a major force in shaping economy, deeply affecting national life in a the major European countries, but most prominently in the country where it all started: England. The Industrial Revolution would go on to change the face of nations all over the world. This Revolution provided the economic base for the rise of a vast number of new professions, and after the Second World War eventually led to the appearance of unprecendented levels of prosperity in the Western world. Many developing nations of Asia and elsewhere are even now trying to catch up with the pace of progress implied by the word "Industrial Revolution." Since Karl Marx's Das Kapital (1869) and Arnold Toynbee's Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England (1884), there have been scores of books exploring industrial revolution - this scientific, economic and social phenomenon of most singular importance in the history of the world - from different perspectives. A few of the currently popular books on this subject are Understanding the Industrial Revolution by Charles More, which describes theories of economic growth and

Mise-En-Scene And Metaphors In Visual Literature Movie Review

Mise-En-Scene And Metaphors In Visual Literature - Movie Review Example Another use of metaphor can be found in the scene where Belfort describes the introduction of sexual activity in his office. The description of the first day at office shows a man enjoying sexual favor from a colleague in the elevator while Belfort and his associates are standing on the ground floor. The gradual upward movement of the elevator and the characters’ activity inside it indicates Belfort’s rise and what it consisted of. That the common man will always remain gullible and hungry for money is suggested by the last scene of the movie which is preceded by the voiceover asking "wouldn't you like to learn how to make money" and we are led to the voice introducing Jordan Belfort to a room full of people interested to listen to his sales training. From long shot to mid-long shot to medium shot the camera brings us closer to the young group of people who are eager to make quick money. The pedestal movement of the camera shows the curious faces of many such young face s who want to become a Jordan Belfort one day. A movie, therefore, is not a monolithic narrative but a visual literature created by directors, cinematographers, editors and screen players. From lighting to camera angle, to costume and movement of characters in a movie does have a meaning associated with it. The understanding of the mise-en-scene, therefore, provides an insight into the mind of the director. Both "Gravity" and "The Wolf of Wall street" are meshed with metaphors guiding the judgments of the viewers.

The Four Fields of Philosophy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Four Fields of Philosophy - Term Paper Example These four branches are different from one another with regards to its concerns, but they nevertheless intersect at certain points. The reason for such is that all of philosophy, as mentioned above, aims towards one goal, i.e. truth. Therefore, regardless of what aspect of reality is focused on, philosophy remains wherever truth is sought after. The Philosophy of Mind: Identity of Minds â€Å"Of all the mysteries in the world, none is more puzzling than the mind† (Poundstone 222). This section aims to discuss a concept that has taken for granted, namely, the human mind. What is the identity of the human mind? What is the difference between our mental from non-mental phenomena? What is the difference between my mental states of believing it will rain from physical objects such as pencils and papers? Upon addressing the aforementioned problem, I shall focus on the behaviorist view of the mind, specifically, logical behaviorism. I shall argue that the claims of logical behavioris m are merely based on the assumption that the mental states cause certain corresponding bodily or behavioral states. However, if it is only based on an assumption, then its entire theory is unfounded, and thus invalid. Thus logical behaviorism will not suffice to provide an analysis of the identity of the mind. ... behavioral terms such as I will complete my assignments regularly, I am disposed to limp, and I will wear light clothes today when I leave the house. Herein, â€Å"the property of being in a certain mental state is identical with the property of being in a certain neurophysiological state† (Fodor 86). In other words, mental terms are characterized in terms of their corresponding manifested physical behaviors. Given that mental states are nothing but neurophysiological behavioral states, either the mental states that mental terms refer to do not exist or such mental states exist. For, in claiming that one’s mental states can be understood with reference to its corresponding behavioral state, then we no longer are talking about mental states per se, but behavioral states for that matter. For instance, I say â€Å"I think it’s going to rain† and before stepping out of the door, I bring with me an umbrella. Herein, the act or behavior of bringing an umbrella w ith me can be identified with my assertion that â€Å"I think it’s going to rain.† Thus, under this view, the simplest solution is sought. For, every non-objective mental state can be identified with an objective physical state, which in turn makes it verifiable. But will this tactic of reducing mental states to behavioral dispositions sufficient so as to account for the mind’s identity? I disagree. For, in order to claim that mental terms refer to behaviors is to assume that both mind and body are necessarily interconnected so as to produce a corresponding behavior for each mental term. Hence, logical behaviorism only makes sense, provided that both mind and body causally interact with each other. Moreover, it seems quite absurd to portray this view as a possible view of the mind for it leads to a kind of

Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Literacy - Essay Example Lake uses his son’s cultural literacy and the Indian traditional literacy standards to describe Wind’s state of grace, his power, and functionality within the Indian culture. He describes Wind’s literacy as a state-of-grace by identifying his excellence in learning what has culturally been expected of him. Lake applies traditional standards and succeeds in illustrating how the child’s literacy meets honorable standards by demonstrating his diversified knowledge. The description of the child’s scope of education that has been â€Å"colorful, complicated, sensitive, and diverse† identifies this state-of-grace because of the child’s tender age. The child has also learnt many things that different members of the society engage in. He has learnt from all social groups and this includes his father, mother, and people from both his generation and his parents’ generation. Wind’s literacy also identifies a state of grace because h e is able to apply the learnt concepts such as understanding indicators to natural phenomena (Lake n.p.). The writer also describes power in the child’s literacy by illustrating how the literacy captures the child’s attention to an extent that he can only focus on the knowledge when he identifies an associated phenomenon. When he identifies change in the atmosphere, Wind is carried away, and is captured by what he has learnt and his mind dreams of the things that his traditional literacy taught him that should be done at such times. This means that Wind’s literacy is not only powerful in its self, but is more powerful than the western literacy that has failed to capture Wind’s attention into focusing in class. Lake also uses developed conflict in the child to demonstrate the power in his literacy. When Wind learns that his literacy conflicts with the new form of education in school, the cultural conflict

Organizational Development Issue Walmarts Culture Research Paper

Organizational Development Issue Walmarts Culture - Research Paper Example   Walmart has had issues with its culture ever since the business started to make extremely high profits. The culture of the company is customer-focused and ensures that all customers are well taken care of. Such a culture faces the risk of neglecting its employees and failing to note the efforts they put in to ensure that the business continues to be successful and makes huge profits (Cheung-Judge & Holbeche, 2015). MethodologyThe identification of the issue of culture in Walmart was done by the use of surveys conducted in the various stores in a busy locality in the United States of America. Surveys were sent out via emails to various known shoppers and store attendants of Walmart to get their views and observations on the working environment and time of Walmart employees. A one-week observation was also done on one store to identify the opening and closing times, and the hours that a particular employee took working in the store per day.Discussion of the Collected DataFrom the o ne week observation, it was noted that the sample employee usually entered the store at 8 am and left for the night at 8 pm, with only a one-hour break at midday. This observation compliments the results of the surveys that employees work for up to 15 hours a day, with only a one-hour lunch break that is usually not enough for them to rest. They are required to get an overtime pay for the extra hours worked since the company only requires an attendant to put in 40 hours of work per week.  

Doctrine of Judicial Precedent Essay Example for Free

Doctrine of Judicial Precedent Essay Introduction Statutes and case law are two significant sources of the UK law. In the convention of common law, the law applied to a case is decided through judicial precedent and statutory interpretation. There can be effectiveness of judicial precedent and statutory interpretation in separation as well as when they are combined in the development of law. To what extend can a judge develop the law through the operation of doctrine of judicial precedent and application to the rules of statutory interpretation will be discussed in this assignment. In the first place, this assignment will give an introduction to judicial precedent and statutory interpretation. In the second place, how can judicial precedent and statutory interpretation develop the law will be analysed and evaluated. Eventually, the conclusion of this assignment will be given. Judicial precedent, a procedure whereby judges follow previous case with sufficiently similar facts, regulates case law, which is crucial to protect law stability. As MacCormick said: â€Å"to understand case law†¦ is to understand how it is that particular decisions by particular judges concerning particular parties to particular cases can be used in the construction of general rules applying to the actions and transactions of persons at large.† (James, 2010) Judicial precedent applies to the doctrine of stare decisis. That is to not disturb the decisions that are settled. For instance, through the stare decisis, the House of Lords held that the manufacturers owed a duty of care to their ultimate consumers of their goods in the case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932), creating a binding precedent followed in Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1936) in respects of duty of care and neighbor principle. The binding precedent is a legal principle formed by the ratio decidendi, the reason for the decision. This means that the ratio decidendi must be followed with the recognition of the legal reason for the decision in the previous case (Jacqueline, 2010). The remainder of a judgment is Obiter dicta. It is a statement made by the way, which though is not binding but can be persuasive in the future cases. Statutory interpretation is the process of how the statutes interpreted and applied by a judge. There are four approaches developed to deal with the task of interpretation, including literal rule, golden rule, mischief rule and purposive rule. When literal rule is applied, the words in the statutes are given their dictionary, original or everyday meaning, with the respect to the will of Parliament. For instance, in Whitley v Chappell (1868), with the application to literal rule, the court held that the defendant was not guilty since a dead person is not, in the literal meaning of the word, ‘entitled to vote’. Golden rule was defined in Grey v. Pearson4 (1857), â€Å"the ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless it would lead to absurdity, when the ordinary sense may be modified to avoid the absurdity but no further.† One of the illustrated cases is Re Sigsworth (1935). A son murdered his mother entitled to nothing since the court applied golden rule to modification to prevent repugnancy and absurdity. Instead of determining what the Parliament said, the Mischief rule is applied to what Parliament meant. The Mischief rule was applied in Smith v Hughes (1871). Lord Parker CJ held that the activities of prostitution were in a â€Å"street or public place† for the intension of the Act to prevent the mischief of the impact of solicitation on the passers by. With a wider application, purposive rule is aimed to give promotion to the general legislative purpose emphasizing the provisions. Lord Denning stated â€Å"we sit here to find out the intention of Parliament and of ministers and carry it out, and we do this better by filling in the gaps and making sense of the enactment by opening it up to destructive analysis†. In Cutter v Eagle Star (1998), instead of literal rule, purposive rule is applied, holding that car park was a road, which underlies the Road Traffic Act (1988). Also, a purposive approach is now often applicable as a result of European Law. (James, 2010) Examples and evaluations of development The judicial precedent is regarded as the backbone of the common law whereas approaches of statutory interpretation have developed as significant tools in interpreting the statutes. Furthermore, there has been a notable synergy between judicial precedent and statutory interpretation in the development of law. First of all, the development of law can be achieved by applying a suitable decision from previous cases with similar materials. In the case of Shaw v DPP (1962) the House of Lords held that a crime of conspiracy to corrupt public morals existed. The conspiracy to corrupt public morals consisted of an agreement to corrupt public morals by means of the magazine, and the defendants had been rightly convicted. This was followed in Knuller v DPP (1973), being held that an agreement to publish adverts to facilitate the commission of homosexual acts between adult males in private was a conspiracy to corrupt public morals (E- lawresources, N/D). Therefore, with the application to doctrine of judicial precedent, the decision in a previous case can be applied to similar cases in the future, which then can contribute to the development of law in terms of quantity, certainty and stability. In addition, since consistent decisions are provided, the law is more possible to ensure fairness, and the citizens can be more willing to trust the law with confidence of being treated fairly. On the other hand, it is said that the doctrine of judicial precedent can be too rigid, as there seems to be a tendency that the binding precedent will be strictly applied in the decisions of cases. Also, since there are no uniform cases, the operation of the doctrine of judicial precedent may lead to a certain degree of injustice, leaving limited space for the development of law. However, the rigidity of judicial precedent can be avoided in practice through the exceptions of decisions including application of overrule and distinguishing (James, 2010). As Posner (1990) claimed: â€Å" judges follow the previous decisions of their court when they agree with them or when they deem legal stability more important in the circumstances than getting the law right. But a precedents analogical significance means simply that the precedent contains information relevant to the decision of the present case.† (Richard, 1990) Despite following the precedent strictly, judges are able to change the decisions in cooperation with facts. The Practice Statement was made by Lord Gardiner in1966, allowing the House of Lord to change its previous decision when it appears â€Å"right to do so† in an attempt to achieve justice (Jacqueline, 2010). To illustrate, in Miliangos v George Frank (Textile) Ltd (1976), the House of Lord overruled Re United Railways. In the case of Re United Railways (1961), it had been held that all debts were to be paid in sterling in an English civil case. In the case of Miliangos v George Frank (Textile) Ltd, the House of Lords held that damages could be awarded in any other foreign currency in the contract, due to the changes in conditions of foreign exchange (Vaughan, 2010). This was stated as â€Å" the existing reason ceased now for a rule† by Lord Denning (Michael, 2004). Distinguishing is another technique used by judges in order to avoid a previous binding decision that may cause inconvenient or unsuitable results. The case Balfour v Balfour (1919) is often cited in conjunction with Merritt v Merritt (1970) by way of illustration of how distinguishing works. In both of the cases, a wife sued her husband for breach of contract. In Balfour v Balfour, based on the fact that the parties had not yet been divorced when the agreement was formed, the court held that there was no enforceable agreement, owing to a rebuttable presumption against intention to create a legally domestic agreement. In the case of Merritt v Merritt, however, the claim was successful. The court was able to distinguish the material difference between two cases. Lord Denning stated that â€Å"When †¦ husband and wife, at arm’s length, decide to separate and the husband promises to pay a sum as maintenance to the wife during the separation, the court does, as a rule, impute to them an intention to create legal relations.† (Zander, 2004) As a result, the appeal from the husband in this case was dismissed. The exceptions of decisions enable the judges to be more flexible in relation of following or refusing earlier decisions from similar cases, which seems to extend the power of the law lords to create law and the space for the development of law. However, it may decrease the level of law certainty and predictability. Regardless of the role statutory interpretation plays in helping judges deal with the task of interpreting statutes, the application and development among the four rules of statutory interpretation can promote law to adapt to changing needs. In practice, judges are continually applying the existing rules to new fact situations and thus being able to keep pace with the changes of society. Firstly, approaches to statutory interpretation can attribute to the creativity and flexibility of law. Applying purposive rule, the court of the case of Royal College of Nursing v DHSS (1981) held that the Abortion Act 1967 aimed at preventing the mischief of ‘back-street abortions’ where no medical care was provided. Therefore, with the advancement of medical technology, abortion became legal to be administered by nurses. (James, 2010) In addition, rules of statutory interpretation can ensure the willing of Parliament. Judges cannot make law, which is the role of Parliament, however, they can and do try to give effect to Parliament’s intentions by using statutory interpretation. For instance, in the case of R v Registrar General ex parte Smith (1991), purposive rule was applied instead of literal rule due to the fact that the applicant was confirmed to be dangerous to his natural mother by a psychiatrist and ‘Parliament could never have intended to promote such serious crime.’ Consequently, the applicant was failed to obtain his birth certificate (Jacqueline, 2010). Approaches to statutory interpretation provide opportunities for judges to apply to different rules flexibly based upon the facts and the intention of Parliament. However, increases of flexibility and creativity of law may cause decreases of certainty and consistency. Last but not least, as two major aspects of the UK law, the interrelationship of the doctrine of judicial precedent and the rules of statutory interpretation are significant to the development of law. For example, in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Ltd (1953), there is a technical legal meaning of â€Å"offer for sale†. With the application to literal rule, the display of goods in a store shelf was held as an invitation to treat but not an offer to sell. This decision was followed in Fisher v Bell (1961). The court held that the display of product in a shop window was an invitation to treat and thus there was no violation of the Act. (James, 2010) Conclusion As a consequence, with doctrine of judicial precedent, previous cases can be applied to cases with similar facts in the future, whereas with statutory interpretation, different decisions can be made with choices of different rules depending on different facts. The synergy between these two aspects produces certainty, elasticity and appropriate space for the gradual development of law. In conclusion, although a degree of rigidity and instability might occur in the progress of law development. Judicial precedent and statutory interpretation in combination can attribute to an increased level of certainty, consistency, flexibility, and elasticity of the law, creating an appropriate space for a gradual development of law. Bibliography: 1.James, H., 2010, Learning Legal Rules 2.Jacqueline, M., 2010, Unlocking The English Legal System 3.E-lawresources, N/D, [Internet] Available from http://www.e-lawresources.co.uk [Accessed 11 /11/ 2012]†¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¬ 4.Richard, A, P., 1990, The Problems of Jurisprudence 5.Vaughan, B., 2010, Foreign Currency Claims in the Conflict of Laws 6. Michael, Z., 2004, The Law-Making Process

Robert Mapplethorpe Photography Analysis

Robert Mapplethorpe Photography Analysis Mapplethorpe: Art or Pornography? art: the expression of creative skill through a visual medium such as painting or sculpture. pornography: printed or visual material intended to stimulate sexual excitement. (1) The question of art versus pornography is one that has long dogged the visual Arts of all mediums. Nudes on stage, actors fornicating on screen, and artists painting, drawing, sculpting, or photographing naked subjects or explicit acts, have all been scrutinised, discussed and argued over. Some have even been taken to court. Some depictions of naked forms do not even cause a stir. Nobody protests against the Romantic images of naked men or of the paintings and sculptures by Pre-Raphaelite artists of nude mythological beings. What is it then that determines whether something is classified as art or pornography? I would postulate that it is not quite as simple as categorising a piece as one or the other, and I will discuss this during the course of this essay. We must at this point turn to the Oxford English Dictionary’s definition of pornography and the key word â€Å"intended†. The deciding factor appears to lie in the intention of the artist; if he or she intends to â€Å"stimulate sexual excitement† the result will be pornographic. Mapplethorpe has admitted that his pieces are homages to desire, and that he himself was sexually stimulated whilst photographing his male nude subjects. It would be unfair to say however, that his photographs are not expressive of â€Å"creative skill†. His images, which I will examine in greater detail later in the essay, are formally beautiful and skillfully posed and shot. Can a piece of work be both art and pornography? Mapplethorpe himself insists that he makes pornography that is art (2). If an artist’s technique is masterful, why should the fact that the piece is sexually stimulating to others prevent it from being classed as art? Why can’t a piece of art hav e multiple functions? Some view Mapplethorpe’s photography purely as pornography, believing it impossible to classify photographs of naked men and women as art. When Mapplethorpe’s retrospective exposition The Perfect Moment exhibited at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Republican Sen. Jesse Helms was the most forceful objector. So outraged was the Senator that he would carry around photographs from the exhibition to illustrate his point to journalists. One photograph he would often present was â€Å"Rosie†, showing a young girl of two or three pictured with her crotch exposed, which he argued constituted child pornography. Others have agreed with Helms. In 1996 the image was removed from a London exhibition on the grounds that it might attract paedophiles. As many others have argued however, this view casts both Rosie and Mapplethorpe in an unfair light. As with many of his other photographs of naked individuals, what is most striking about â€Å"Rosie† is the humanity and i nnocence of this little girl; it is what is revealed about the figure that is most interesting. Nakedness is represented in the Bible as the state of innocence to which we must all return if we are to know God. In Genesis it is only when Adam and Eve fall from innocence and know evil that they realise they are naked. Saying 37 in the Gospel of Thomas alludes to the innocence of naked children: His disciples say to him: On what day wilt thou appear to us, and what day shall we see thee? Jesus says: When you strip yourselves without being ashamed, when you take off your clothes and lay them at your feet like little children and trample on them! Then [you will become] children of Him who is living, and you will have no more fear. (3) â€Å"Rosie† is only seen in a sexual context by those with the predisposition to see it in that way, whether they be paedophiles or hard-line moralists (4). Rosie herself, aged 23 at the time of the London exhibition, protested that the photograph was beautiful and innocent and not at all indecent (5). She had even hung a copy on the wall of the restaurant she managed. Mapplethorpe’s most explicit photographs are seen as obscene by many who are not moralists or particularly religious. His X Portfolio contains graphic pictures of homosexual sexual acts and bondage, such as ‘Helmut and Brooks’, which depicts one man’s arm inserted up to the elbow in another man’s anus. ‘Man in Polyester Suit’, another of the photographs often produced by Helms to show journalists, depicts a black man’s semi-erect penis protruding from his flies. It is an odd image, the picture having been cut from just above the man’s knees to his chest, directing the gaze to the penis. Is this pornography? Against the cheap suit, Celant asserts, the penis becomes an object of beauty, like an emergent flower, beginning to bloom with desire. It is erotic, certainly, but is it obscene? Many certainly view ‘Helmut and Brooks’ as obscene and, accordingly, not art. In 1987 Dennis Barry, Director of the Cincinnati Museum of Art, was put on trial for exhibiting The Perfect Moment. In court his Defense asserted that the aesthetics of Mapplethorpe’s work made his photographs art and not obscenity. In Janet Kardon’s essay, written as a guide and an introduction to the exhibition, form is emphasised as the focus rather than the content or context. Even when faced with explaining the photographs depicting homoerotic sexual acts Kardon extols the virtues of Mapplethorpe’s camera technique, almost ignoring the sexual content altogether: There is a drama in each photograph; edges are used as the perimeters of a proscenium,  with subjects strategically sited within those boundaries and caught at a moment of  absolute stasis. Most sitters are portrayed frontally, aligned with the camera lens, in  direct eye contact with the photographer and, in turn, the viewer. Nudes generally  assume classical poses†¦ although his models often are depicted in uncommon sexual  acts, the inhabitants of the photographs assume gestures governed by geometry, and they  are shown against minimal backgrounds (6) Returning to ‘Man in a Polyester Suit’, Kardon refers to the image as â€Å"outrageous† but only because the shot has been set up to appear as a clothes advertisement, making the juxtaposition of the penis â€Å"unsettling† (7). As Kidd writes, it is interesting that Kardon uses the term â€Å"outrageous† rather than ‘obscene’, and that it is not the act of photographing a penis that is â€Å"outrageous† but the actual penis itself, being rather large (8). The reason for this being, Kidd continues, that the term ‘obscenity’, has sociological and legal implications. In terms of the sociological implications, the obscene is a subversion of what is sacred, and is also separate from daily life – it is perceived as taboo, especially by religious organisations. Its legal implications are what led Dennis Barry to victory in his court case. Congress defines the ‘obscene’ as: 1. the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that such project, production, workshop, or program, when taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; 2. such project, production, workshop, or program, depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; and 3. such project, production, workshop, or program, when taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. (9) The defense successfully argued that Mapplethorpe’s work had artistic value – it is formally beautiful and striking, and the composition is masterful. His photographs could certainly be argued to fall under the first two definitions but all three definitions must fit for something to be considered ‘obscene’, therefore legally Mapplethorpe’s photographs could not be labeled as such. Flageolle extolled the â€Å"exquisite tonal qualities of the platinum print and controlled studio lighting† of Mapplethorpe’s photography, which can be observed in both his ‘hard-core’ and less explicit work (10). Photographs such as ‘Ken and Robert’ and ‘Ken and Tyler’, where Mapplethorpe juxtapositions black and white models, are made even more striking by using black and white film and posing the subjects in a rigid, symmetrical stance. All of Mapplethorpe’s photography is extremely precise, which actually adds to the eroticism of the images. In pornography models tend to assume very overt poses, leaning into the camera and pushing their assets towards the lens, and by extension towards the viewers. Much of Mapplethorpe’s work however, is more restrained in that regard. Subjects may perform explicit sexual acts, urinating in other man’s mouth for example, but it often seems to be personal, intimate. In â₠¬ËœJim and Tom, Sausalito’ the two men are almost unaware of the camera, a feeling heightened by the placement of them in the shadows. Mapplethorpe’s figures can sometimes feel almost cold, and distant, looking past the camera at something we cannot see. However, as Samaras has contended, pieces of art cannot merely be considered for their formal qualities, as that â€Å"relegates art primarily to the role of timeless visual entertainment not historicised cultural elucidation† (11). Mapplethorpe’s photographs showed the public another world. The homosexual and SM communities were brought to the attention of thousands of people. Mapplethorpe wanted to capture new images. His intentions were not to shock; â€Å"I don’t like that particular word ‘shocking’. I’m looking for things I’ve never seen before† (12), he told ARTnews in 1988. In photographing those â€Å"things† he also showed a multitude of people things they had never seen before. â€Å"The point of making art is to educate people† Mapplethorpe once asserted (13). He wanted to force the public into awareness of gay issues. If Mapplethorpe’s primary intention is not to sexually stimulate viewers of his work, does that mean it cannot be pornography? Yet Mapplethorpe certainly wanted to capture the latent sexuality of every living thing in his photography. Even flowers become objects of desire and sexuality. His photographs of flowers are almost more erotic than his nudes. There is a raw sexuality in the way in which he photographs them; the calla lilly’s stamen takes on a phallic shape, the stems of two poppies writhe around each other. Unlike much of his other work, he often uses colour film to photograph his flowers, capturing their vibrant colours, bursting with sexuality. Mapplethorpe sees no need to photograph his flowers any differently than his nudes; â€Å"My approach to photographing a flower is not much different than photographing a cock. Basically it’s the same thing† (14). His black and white photographs of single, naked black men seem to be more a study of the perfect form than pornography. The visually striking image of ‘Thomas’ recalls ‘Vitruvian Man’, Da Vinci’s mathematically and architecturally calculated drawing of the perfect human physique. With his arms stretched out to the perimeters of the circular barrier he stands in, his muscles rippling, skin gleaming, Thomas presents a striking and beautiful image of man. An untitled photograph taken in 1981 shows, apart from his penis, the rippling quadriceps of an extremely fit man. It is his gleaming thighs, reflecting the light and producing shadows, which draw one’s attention in this photograph, rather than the penis, which is shrouded in darkness. Mapplethorpe’s earlier work juxtaposed pornographic acts and images with classic poses and studio lighting, resulting in the disruption of both the pornographic and the classical and creating an uneasy mix. His later photographs of beautiful, gleaming male bodies are almost totally preoccupied with aesthetic beauty, with Mapplethorpe controlling the rigid poses. There is certainly a pornographic dimension to Mapplethorpe’s work but it is not traditional pornography. In many of the photographs, the subjects’ faces cannot be seen. Penises hang alone, boobs are held almost begrudgingly, the subjects uninterested. Nor does the pornographic define Mapplethorpe’s work. It is also a study of aesthetic beauty, educational, and a presentation of exquisite formal technique. Mapplethorpe’s work could be described as pornographic art; a combination of explicit sexuality and a formal exquisiteness. Endnotes 1 Soanes, Catherine, ed. Oxford Compact English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press.  2000. 2 Cited in Levinson, Deborah A. ‘Robert Mapplethorpe’s Extraordinary Vision: A review of The   Perfect Moment’. Aug 6 1989. www.tech.mit.edu 3 Cited on www.gospelthomas.com 4 Tozer, John. ‘In the Eye of the Beholder’. Variant, issue 6. www.variant.org.uk 5 Cited in Gerry, Lyn. ‘Cut! At the Edinburgh Festival’. 1997. www.ainfos.ca 6 Kardon, J, Mapplethorpe, R. The Perfect Moment. Philadelphia Institute of Contemporary Art.  1988. ps. 9-10 7 Kardon, J, Mapplethorpe, R. The Perfect Moment. Philadelphia Institute of Contemporary Art.  1988. p. 11 8 Kidd, Dustin. ‘Mapplethorpe and the New Obscenity’. Afterimage. March-April 2003. 9 Public Law 101-151, November 5, 1990. Reprinted in Richard Bolton, ed., Culture Wars:   Documents from the Recent Controversies in the Arts. New York: New Press. 1992. p. 286. 10 Flageolle, Andree. ‘Mapplethorpe and Baudelaire’. History of Photography. Winter 1995. 11 Samaras, Connie. ‘Feminism, Photography, Censorship, and Sexually Transgressive Imagery:  The Work of Robert Mapplethorpe, Joel-Peter Witkin, Jacqueline Livingston, Sally Mann, and  Catherine Opie’. New York Law School Review. Vol. XXXVIII Nos 1-4. 1993. 12 Cited on www.mapplethorpe.org/biography 13 Cited by McDonald, Robert on www.queerculturalcentre.org 14 Cited by Celant, Germano. ‘Robert Mapplethorpe: Man in a Polyester Suit’ ArtForum.  September 1993. Bibliography Bolton, Richard, ed. Culture Wars: Documents from the Recent Controversies in the Arts. New  York: New Press. 1992. Kardon, J, Mapplethorpe, R. The Perfect Moment. Philadelphia Institute of Contemporary Art.  1988. Soanes, Catherine, ed. Oxford Compact English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press.  2000. Afterimage. March-April 2003 ArtForum. September 1993. History of Photography. Winter 1995. New York Law School Review. Vol. XXXVIII Nos 1-4. 1993 www.ainfos.ca www.gospelthomas.com www.mapplethorpe.org/biography www.queerculturalcentre.org www.tech.mit.edu www.variant.org.uk FREE Pocket Business English, ACT NOW!

Analyzing Curse Of The Starving Class :: essays research papers

In class we learned about a man named Goethe. He developed a way to critique any category of art, whether it be a poem, oil painting, or a play. According to the World Book Encyclopedia, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) was a German poet, novelist, and playwright. He ranks among the most important and influential writers of modern European literature. Goethe was also a leading thinker and scientist. The scope and originality of his literary works and the diversity of his intellectual pursuits make him the central figure of German classical and romantic literature. Goethe learned to discipline his passions and he developed a greater balance between emotion and reason.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that we have some background on Goethe, we can focus on his questions of analyzing art. These three questions are as follows: (1) What is the artist trying to do?, (2) How well does the artist do it?, and (3) Is it worth doing? The preceding questions could be answered in aim of the painter, actor, director, scene designer, make-up artist, and so on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In analyzing â€Å"Curse of the Starving Classes† with Goethe’s questions, I will keep my focus on the playwright, Sam Shepard. His is a story that I don’t come across very often. I believe Mr. Shepard wrote this play to bring a variety into the theatre, as well as writing about something he knows and has lived through. Just the fact that this story is his life memory brings feeling and passion to the script. Perhaps I’m digging this too deep, but it is one thing to make up a story, and another to actually have been there. What is the artist trying to do? In my opinion, Shepard is sharing his past, as well as offer a lesson to be learned. This story could bring about different feelings; anywhere from appreciation of what one has to complete and utter boredom. Personally, it helped me realize that my family is important.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On to the next question, How well does the artist do it? Shepard’s story has drama, with a little side of comedy. Although I feel that the play is a little depressing, my face didn’t show only one emotion. There are, indeed, a few humorous lines here and there in the script. The laughter and the drama make the play a well rounded story in my eyes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The final question, Is it worth doing?

Essay examples --

1. Describe the difference between public law and private law, including the difference between criminal law and tort law. The difference between public law and private law is that each govern two different types of individuals. Public law deals with citizens, companies, and state issues. Private law deals with contracts and obligations. This is the main difference between these two laws, but they also differentiate in the laws they obtain. For example public law has constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law. As for private law has civil law which includes contract law, law of torts and property law. Criminal law is the how the criminal is going to be punished, with either a fine of a certain amount or jail time. Tort law is similar in punishment to the criminal, but the punishment is payment to the person who was injured in the crime for injuries and damages that may have occurred. 2. List the reasons people commit crimes, and why they do not. People commit crimes because it is a choice they make, but all their choices come with an reason and motive. They may commit a crime because of their own personal self-interest and based on how they will avoid getting caught. The environment they live in may cause interest in committing crimes also. There are people who get tired of getting stepped on and never seem to achieve society’s expectations; therefore they do crime to obtain a self-rewarding achievement. Being poor and not having money to provide for themselves or their families may cause a moment of stress leading that person to steal money. The reason why a lot of people do not commit crimes is because they are satisfied with the life they live in. For example life may not be one hundred percent great, but they... ...eing arbitrary and oppressive over them. 6. Discuss the meaning of the phrase â€Å"nulla poena sine lege.† Nulla poena sine lege refers to the meaning that no one should be punished for doing something that the law does not prohibit. There are four types of nulla poena sine lege which are: praevia, scripta, certa and stricta. Praevia states that there should not be any punishment without previous law. Scripta states that there should not be no punishment without any written law. Certa states that there should be no punishment without a definite law, meaning that the punishment must be defined first. Stricta states that there should be no punishment without the strict law. Nulla poena sine lege helps by protecting those who could be convicted and punished when no laws exists. It also helps by preventing the creation of new laws to punish for past action and behaviors.

Grapes Of Wrath And Of Mice And Men: Character Study :: essays research papers

Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men: Character Study The American Novelist, John Steinbeck was a powerful writer of dramatic stories about good versus bad. His own views on writing were that not only should a writer make the story sound good but also the story written should teach a lesson. In fact, Steinbeck focused many of his novels, not on average literary themes rather he tended to relay messages about the many hard truths of life in The United States. Upon winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 the Swedish academy introduced him by saying "He had no mind to be an unoffending comforter and entertainer. Instead, the topics he chose were serious and denunciatory†¦" This serious focus was not exempt from his two works "The Grapes of Wrath" and "Of Mice and Men". "The Grapes of Wrath" has been recognized by many as "the greatest novel in American History" and it remains among the archetypes of American culture. Although "Of Mice and Men" may not have received as much fanfare as the other it is still a great classic that was recently made into a motion picture. The focus of "The Grapes of Wrath" Is one family, the Joads, who has been kicked off their Oklahoma farm and forced to move to California to look for work. The story has historical significance as it is true that many families were forced, in the same way as the Joads, to leave their homes to look for work during the depression. It is in this fact that one can see how Steinbeck's intention in "The grapes of Wrath" was to depict the hardships people went through during an actual event in American history. Perhaps the most solemn message in this novel was the poor treatment of the dispossessed families as they reached California. In "Of Mice and Men" the reader is presented with a story that takes place in the same setting of "The Grapes of Wrath" This story details the hardships of two traveling companions while they are working at a ranch in California. The common thread between these two novels is not necessarily the plot or the setting rather, it is the way in which Steinbeck relays his message. That is to say that, although both novels carry different story lines they both portray hard truths about human suffering. Steinbeck reveals these truths through his depiction of characters. In each story it seems that the characters were crafted by Steinbeck in a bias manner so as to emphasize the overall message of the book. It is quite obvious that all of Steinbeck's characters are

William Shakespeare Biography

April 23 of 1564 the beginning to the path of great literature and performance, the birth of William Shakespeare, whose creations have affected everyone for generations. |He was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. William was the third child out of eight from John and Mary Shakespeare. The names of the other seven children are Joan, Margaret, Gilbert, Joan, Ann, Richard and Edmund. William†s grandfather, Richard Shakespeare was a whittawer and a dealer in agricultural commodities. Richard died 52 days after the birth of William. William attended the Stratford Grammar School. Even though the record-of- attendance have been lost it is no doubt that he truly attended the school, since the school was built and maintained expressly for the purpose of education the sons of prominent citizens. Because William attended church, the other obvious education is the exposer to either the Geneva Bible or the Bishops† Bible or King James. It also brings him to the influence of The Book of Common Prayer. No one knows exactly how long William remained at the Stratford Grammar School but it is believed that an assistant of John Shakespeare forced him to withdraw William from thence. His later education must be the ways of business he would have learned around his father†s shop. Spectators said they have seen William give speeches to the calf before slaughtering them for his father†s leather work. William married Ann Hathwey in 1582. She was also from Stratford where William was born. Even though she was eight years older than he, their marriage was a success. Ann was three months in pregnancy when they were wed. Their first born Susanna was born in May 26, 1583. After that they had twins named after life time friends, Hamnet and Judeth Sadler. There wasn†t much talk from William about his marriage except some of his literature showed apparent resemblance of him and his wife. It seemed he was regarding him and his wife in some plays. There were no records of Shakespeare†s activities after the birth of his twins. We called it the lost years. It was believed that at those periods he was on refuge from a sort of crime. There wasn†t any hard evidence on his activities but there were many theories to fill in the time of activity. The mark of William Shakespeare†s rise in London theater world in 1592 on a famous literary by Robert Greene which clearly refers to William Shakespeare. Later there were many other playwrights and pamphleteer that made reference of William Shakespeare†s poetry and plays. As Shakespeare gone old he retired back to Avon. Where, his Judith and his son-in-law attended him. There was no accurate proof of Shakespeare†s death but in a diary half a century after his death it was said that Shakespeare died of over dose of alcohol. It is also expected that Shakespeare might have also known his death because days before he had his will revised. Almost a month after the revision on April 23, 1616 William Shakespeare past away. The end of a chapter in great literature. William Shakespeare Biography April 23 of 1564 the beginning to the path of great literature and performance, the birth of William Shakespeare, whose creations have affected everyone for generations. |He was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. William was the third child out of eight from John and Mary Shakespeare. The names of the other seven children are Joan, Margaret, Gilbert, Joan, Ann, Richard and Edmund. William†s grandfather, Richard Shakespeare was a whittawer and a dealer in agricultural commodities. Richard died 52 days after the birth of William. William attended the Stratford Grammar School. Even though the record-of- attendance have been lost it is no doubt that he truly attended the school, since the school was built and maintained expressly for the purpose of education the sons of prominent citizens. Because William attended church, the other obvious education is the exposer to either the Geneva Bible or the Bishops† Bible or King James. It also brings him to the influence of The Book of Common Prayer. No one knows exactly how long William remained at the Stratford Grammar School but it is believed that an assistant of John Shakespeare forced him to withdraw William from thence. His later education must be the ways of business he would have learned around his father†s shop. Spectators said they have seen William give speeches to the calf before slaughtering them for his father†s leather work. William married Ann Hathwey in 1582. She was also from Stratford where William was born. Even though she was eight years older than he, their marriage was a success. Ann was three months in pregnancy when they were wed. Their first born Susanna was born in May 26, 1583. After that they had twins named after life time friends, Hamnet and Judeth Sadler. There wasn†t much talk from William about his marriage except some of his literature showed apparent resemblance of him and his wife. It seemed he was regarding him and his wife in some plays. There were no records of Shakespeare†s activities after the birth of his twins. We called it the lost years. It was believed that at those periods he was on refuge from a sort of crime. There wasn†t any hard evidence on his activities but there were many theories to fill in the time of activity. The mark of William Shakespeare†s rise in London theater world in 1592 on a famous literary by Robert Greene which clearly refers to William Shakespeare. Later there were many other playwrights and pamphleteer that made reference of William Shakespeare†s poetry and plays. As Shakespeare gone old he retired back to Avon. Where, his Judith and his son-in-law attended him. There was no accurate proof of Shakespeare†s death but in a diary half a century after his death it was said that Shakespeare died of over dose of alcohol. It is also expected that Shakespeare might have also known his death because days before he had his will revised. Almost a month after the revision on April 23, 1616 William Shakespeare past away. The end of a chapter in great literature.

About Revenge Essay Essay

If there is one thing that has been prevalent since human interaction began, it is the concept of revenge. Everyone has a moment in their life where someone does them wrong, and they want nothing more than to get back at the person who is responsible. While this reaction is completely normal, the results of actually acting on these feelings usually end badly for everyone involved. One of the main reasons that revenge does not typically end well is because once all is said and done, the past can not be changed. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, like many other stories, is focused on the theme of revenge, which is a feeling everyone is familiar with and is something that almost always ends badly. One of the more prominent stories about revenge comes from Edgar Allan Poe, a very well known author recognized mainly for his dark story writing. His story, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†, is an interesting tale about a man who feels insulted and seeks revenge. Essentially, the ma in character, Montressor, feels that he has been insulted by his apparent hated enemy, Fortunato, and as a result he leaves Fortunato tied up in the Montressor family’s catacombs to die. In this story, many things are left unclear. For one thing, it is never told what exactly Fortunato did to exact this revenge. This means that his â€Å"insult† could be anything, and the punishment for his ‘crime’ in this story goes to show the length that people are willing to go to get revenge on someone who has wronged them. One thing to note in this story is that the narrator is never caught for his crime. Although â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a good story about revenge, it is not Edgar Allan Poe’s only story that relates to the subject. Another one of his stories that focuses on revenge is â€Å"Hop-Frog.† â€Å"Hop-Frog† tells the tale of a dwarf and his female companion, Trippetta, who are taken as prisoners from their homes and brought to be entertainment for a king that is very appreciative of humor. The story ends with Hop-Frog and his companion getting revenge upon the king for striking Trippetta and  his mindless council by burning them alive in front of a crowd of people at a masquerade party. The main difference between this story and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is that there is a lot more information to go off of. For one thing, it is made very clear why Hop-Frog wants to get revenge upon the king. One similarity between â€Å"Hop-Frog† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is that in neither story do the people achieving revenge have anything bad happen to them as a result. In both stories, it is apparent that the characters get away with their deeds. â€Å"Hop-Frog† brings a sense of joy in that Hop-Frog and Trippetta get away, but it leaves the viewer wondering if what they did was right. Even so, wanting revenge is a natural feeling after being wronged, and there are deeper, psychological effects revolving around these feelings as well. An article by Stillwell, Baumeister, and Del Priore says that, â€Å"The discrepancies between how different people see the same event may contribute to such seemingly inequitable outcomes.† (253). What this means is that many times, people see different things when looking at the same situation, and as a result, one person can be left less satisfied with the results than the other person. For example, one person may view a prank as a minor thing and laugh it off, while the person who was pranked may view it as something that really rubbed them the wrong way and is something that they want to get back at the other person for. â€Å"When people are hurt or angered by another person they may try to restore equity to the relationship.† (Stillwell, Baumeister, and Del Priore 253). This means that when someone feels wronged, they feel like they have to make the relationship even again. Needless to say, some people will act on their feelings, and naturally some cases of revenge can go wrong. There are a bunch of cases in the news about how someone tries to take revenge upon someone else. For the most part they end badly, which would make sense considering they ended up in the news. One case of revenge gone wrong occurred in New Port Richey, Florida when a seventeen year old turned a corner too fast and crashed into a few parked cars and a house in what was meant to be a simple attempt to throw eggs at her ex-boyfriend’s car. The end result was thousands of dollars worth of property damage and a citation for careless driving (Tampabay.com). As with this story and many others, revenge likely occurred because of a bad relationship break up. There are countless cases where someone seeks revenge on an ex-partner and ends up  doing something fundamentally worse than the actual breakup. In a similar case, I interviewed a friend of mine who wishes to remain anonymous about a time that he seeked revenge. As with many cases of revenge, his was the result of a relationship gone bad. It was directed towards an ex-girlfriend who had recently began dating one of his close friends. After the break up, he was crushed. He took it very personally when his ex-girlfriend began dating one of his close friends. As a result, he ended up making threats against the new boyfriend and harassing his ex-girlfriend by hacking all of her social media accounts and deleting them. The end result of his actions lead to a sit down between the group, which resulted with the possibility of harassment charges. In his case, he got lucky, but it could have ended much worse had they chosen to press charges. Since then he has made the decision that it would be best for him and for them if he just cut them out of his life for the time being, so that is what he is doing. Relationship break ups are rarely mutual, and if they are it usually does not stay that way for long, with one person ending up regretting the decision more than they thought they would. This case goes to show that acting on feelings of revenge is not good for anyone. Of course having a successful act of revenge towards someone may feel very satisfying at first, but in the long run people tend to reminisce about the initial event and it leaves them feeling just as bad as they did when it happened. Something that many people should learn is that there is no way to change the past. There will always be a v oid in the mind when thinking about what happened. â€Å"Revenge is a doomed attempt to eliminate shame and increase stature by asserting dominance.† (EmotionalCompetency.com). This means that when we feel like taking revenge, it is just a hole we are trying to fill with confidence to make ourselves feel better. As humans, we do not want to lose face with the people we know, so we feel obliged to take action against the wrongdoer to balance the scale. Conversely, while many people would jump on the opportunity to get back at someone, some people are strong enough to not act on the urges of revenge. It takes a strong person to let something go, and it takes an even stronger person to completely forgive. â€Å"Forgiveness is the cancellation of deserved hostility and the substitution of friendlier attitudes.† (Hughes 113). To forgive someone should be viewed as a type of release. When a person forgives another, they are releasing all of their anger and hostility and opening the door to a renewed friendship, or at least an agreement to not interact again. Of course, forgiving someone will not always stop them from doing something else in the future, but it is still a good method to practice for yourself. â€Å"Forgiveness has a discretionary nature, and the discretion belongs to the injured.† (Hughes 113). Many times, the best way to get back at someone is to show them that they did not have as massive an effect over you as they were hoping. While forgiving someone will not give immediate satisfaction, it is usually better for a person to let something go than to dwell on it for a long period of time. In contrast, it may be wondered whether or not retribution is always such a bad thing in certain cases. In the case of ‘Vicky’, it seems like retribution may be something that she deserves. Ten years ago, ‘Vicky’, who was ten years old at the time, fell victim to her father, who recorded many videos of her performing sex acts with him and even made her act out scripts. Her real name as well as her father’s name was redacted from the court documents, however the case ended with her father being sentenced to fifty years in prison. Prosecutors from ‘Vicky’s’ case have said that â€Å"While she continues to try to live a normal life, ‘Vicky’ carries emotional burdens which continually get in her way.† (OpposingViewpoints.com). Needless to say, this case is an extreme one, which begs the question as to whether or not retribution is something that Vicky is right in seeking. It would seem outlandish for anyone to blame her for making the people who download the videos of her pay for her therapy. In this case, it may be best to let the victim act out what they feel, because very few people can truly understand what it is that ‘Vicky’ has been through and continues to go through everyday. Not surprisingly, the entertainment industry has quite an interest in the topic of revenge. Some of the most popular shows that air on television relate to the theme of revenge in one way or another. In ‘Breaking Bad’, there are episodes toward the end where one character wants revenge very badly on another character, and it ends up putting him in a monumentally worse position than he was at before. There are countless other shows with similar themes. Many popular movies do this as well. The film series ‘Kill Bill’ by Quentin Tarantino pretty much revolves around that subject entirely. It can be wondered what it is that makes movies and television shows about revenge so popular with people, and the most likely answer lies in our society as a whole. A thirst  for vengeance is a feeling everyone is familiar with and it is satisfying for us to watch others achieve it. Overall, revenge is a very common theme throughout the world we live in. It is something that is unlikely to change because it is just how we are wired. As humans, we can not help but get feelings of anger and retribution when we are wronged, but it should at least be known that most of the time, the actual act will only make a person feel worse than they did before in the long run. Society as a whole should be more accepting of the method of forgiveness as opposed to revenge as this is the only way to truly move on. â€Å"In taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior.† (Sir Francis Bacon. EmotionalCompetency.com) Work Cited: Poe, Edgar A. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† (1846) Web 03 Dec. 2013. This is one of Edgar Allan Poe’s Classic tales about revenge. I used this story as a starting off point for the theme of my essay, which revolves around revenge. This information is in my first body paragraph which dissects the story. Poe, Edgar A. â€Å"Hop-Frog† (1850). Web 05 Dec. 2013 http://www.eapoe.org/works/tales/hopfrgb.htm. This is another Edgar Allan Poe story which also focuses on revenge. I used this story to show that in many stories revenge is a very common theme. This information is in my second body paragraph which dissects the story. Stillwell, Arlene. Baumeister Roy, and Del Priore, Regan. â€Å"Basic and Applied Social Psychology† We’re all Victims Here: Toward a Psychology of Revenge. (2008) 253-263. Web 06 Dec. 2013. Academic Library- Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. This article explains the psychology revolving around revenge and does studies involving the subject. I used this article to help explain the psychology behind feelings of revenge. This information is in my third body paragraph. Hughes, Martin. â€Å"Analysis† Forgiveness. (1975) 113-117 Web 06 Dec. 2013. Academic Library- JSTOR. In this entry, Hughes explains the concept of forgiveness and what it truly means. This information is used in the part of my essay that explains forgiveness. Chavez, Adriana M. â€Å"Online Child Pornography Can Harm Victims for Life.† (2013) Web 06 Dec. 2013. Academic Library- Opposing Viewpoints. This article goes over the case of a girl who was sexually abused as a child and explains what she has gone through since the incident. This information is used in the paragraph that wonders if revenge is always such a bad thing in certain situations. Sanders, Katie. â€Å"Revenge gone wrong: Teen driver crashes into New Port Richey home.† Tampa Bay Times. 05 Mar. 2010. Web 06 Dec. 2013. This article reports a case of revenge gone wrong in the form of a girl attempting to throw eggs at an ex-boyfriend’s car and causing a lot of property damage in the process. This information is used in the essay’s paragraph that explains how revenge can go wrong. â€Å"Revenge – Getting Even† – No author listed. EmotionalCompetency.com – ND. Web 06 Dec. 2013. This web page helps further explain some of the concepts of revenge and forgiveness. This information is used in my essay’s paragraphs involving forgiveness. I also use a quote about revenge from this page. Anonymous. Personal Interview. 05 Dec. 2013. This is an interview i did of a friend who wanted to remain anonymous about a time he seeked revenge against an ex-girlfriend. I use this information in the area that involves revenge going wrong.

 Star Goup Essay

Investigation The modern time is about change in variables existing in the environment that surrounds any organization. The corporate therefore has to plan the uncertainty in a limited time span focusing on training and development of staff ( Delahaya,2011,p.2). The most critical component for success of the organizations rest on how competent and knowledgeable their staffs are. Likewise the investment has to made on the human resource so that they are efficient and effective enough to reach the company goals. HRDNI is a process that identifies the flaws in the incident that is happening in any organization. The main motive of HRDNI is to find out what is the defect that is preventing the organization to reach the target. Therefore HRDNI helps to identify the deviation between what is currently happening and what should be occurring. Star Group, a company which has a number of staffs to reach the goal of the organization has a global onboarding processes and the materials. It onboards new employees to the organization in order to make the entrants get familiar with the organization’s culture. As HRDNI focuses on gap analysis to reach the standards of the organization, the modern concept believes that HRDNI should be future oriented and positive rather than being reactive and negative. Star group therefore introduces Johnson & Associates to analyze the on boarding process to find out if the on boarding process is actually being effective to the new employees to get the overview of the organization. Like any growing company, Star group has faced many challenges in creating standard global processes and controls. Onboarding materials across the group reflect this, with the sites developing their own documents over a number of years. Consequently these artifacts vary greatly in style, branding, content, formatting and quality. Analysis of the process-related information and interviews with key stakeholders highlighted a number of â€Å"pain points’ commonly experienced with the existing onboarding process. The step of data gathering was further elaborated through a qualitative approach  i.e. developing a questionnaire and distributing it to the participants of the induction program because ‘the survey questionnaires can gather hard data that can be ana lyzed objectively from large groups of people’, (Sofo,2012,p.110). Finally the other data gathering process that was actually implemented was through the formation of the pilot group. The pilot group thus was interviewed with a number of questions to decide if the onboarding process was actually effective to new starters. Some of the ‘pain points’ were summarized in six common themes: 1. Lack of documented processes and procedures Each stake holder reported a worrying lack of documented processes and procedures, not just in onboarding but other Human resources and Shared Business Services functions. Particular concern was raised about visibility to geographically dispersed processes. 2. Quality and consistency of onboarding information The pilot group along with the stakeholders reported that onboarding materials had some flaws in it. Inconsistent content Lack of Standardization Lengthy induction presentations Time and accuracy challenges in manually copying employee details provided during the recruitment to other systems such as SAP and Active Directory Challenges in delivering the LOG ON information to non- PC or kiosks users. 3. Lack of manager accountability Managers believe that they do not include the responsibility for onboarding Managers do not receive training in successful onboarding practices, processes or strategies Onboarding commonly viewed as an HR function Onboarding commonly viewed as a series of administrative task rather than an opportunity to provide new starters with a great first impression No evaluation of the success of the onboarding experience for the new  employees. The review also suggested that the manager had to call the new starter to congratulate them which was rarely done by the managers. 4. Delay in conformation of commencement date The commencement date for a new starter is not negotiated in the recruitment process which led to the delay of other downstream processes such as SAP and network set up. 5. Lack of SAP training resources IT and systems training is not provided in any formal way due to resource and time constraints. One SAP trainer divides time between locations which results in inadequate training among new starters and existing employees. 6. Lack of Workflow No process exists to drive or track completion of onboarding tasks. Sites rely heavily on the use of checklists, follow-up emails and phone calls from the human resources. Specific pain points reported by the stakeholders included: Allowance of sufficient lead-time for pre-commencement activities such as visa and work permit applications Lack of mechanisms to ensure mid-year new starters were fully engaged in different program sessions. No controls or process to trigger onboarding processes for contractors, particularly non-payroll and short-term consultants such as PTA Timing of prerequisite compliance checks such as medical clearances.

Acquiring the Human Language-Playing the Language Game

1.What arguments in support of language as an innate ability are brought up in the film? This video is about a great mystery; how do children acquire language without seeming to learn it and how do they do so many things with so little life experience. 2.Explain the ambiguity of the question asked by Jill de Villiers to both children and graduate students: â€Å"When did the boy say he hurt himself?† Why is this question ambiguous and why is it interesting to note that this question is ambiguous? Question was â€Å"When did the boy say he hurt himself?† and there are 2 answers to this question. If focus on When said, the answer is â€Å"in the bathtub.† However when it focus on When fallen, the answer is â€Å"climbing the tree† And it is very interesting because they found that children will give only 1 answer when given unambiguous sentence â€Å"When did the boy say HOW he hurt himself†, â€Å"in the bathtub.† By this experiment, we can conclude that a child must have some kind of knowledge of syntactic structure because nobody had ever taught the child about this. 3.List some of the fundamental questions regarding language learning/language acquisition that are discussed in the film and explain how are linguists trying to answer these questions. (What questions do linguists ask and what kind of evidence do they look for to answer them?) The original theory on how languages are learned was it is learned by imitation. However, linguists found that child not only imitate adult but produces brand-new sentences. And the fundamental questions were raised, if we don’t learn by imitation, how do we learn? So linguists try to prove that acquiring language is different from learning other things by some experiments. 4.Mention some of the evidence in the film presented as evidence AGAINST the imitation theory of language learning. Child can produce brand-new sentence and they make errors. They can understand quite complex sentence in early age. 5.The film (Chomsky) claim that acquiring language is different from kinds of learning. What does he mean? It means we seem to learn language with different say from leaning other difficult things such as playing the trumpet and riding bicycle. It is not learned by practice, or by imitation. 6.What proof is there that analogy is not the explanation for first language learning? With the sentence â€Å"I painted the red barn†, we can substitute color word, and it is acceptable. If we switch the last two words, it is still acceptable. So by analogy, child will extend this to other verb â€Å"see† and create new sentence. â€Å"I saw a read barn.† And a concept of analogy doesn’t work for switching last two words, since I saw a bard red is broken sentence. And also, with sentence â€Å"Taro ate† it means he ate something but this something is not his shoes or hat. Another proof that analogy is not the explanation of first language learning is the verb â€Å"grow† can mean differently in the sentence such as â€Å"John grows tomatoes† and â€Å"John grows.† Analogy is wildly broken and cannot explain first language learning. 7.Observe the details of the experiment with the 16-month old babies who are shown Cookie Monster and Big Bird. Explain the experiment’s design, including the question posed by the researchers and the conclusions they reach regarding children’s acquisition of syntax based on the results of this study. The experiment design is showing two films simultaneously to babies. And asks to find the same scene with the explanation, Cookie monster washing Big Bird and Big Bird feeding Cookie Monster. The questions behind the study was will the child look more at the screen that matches the language that they are hearing. And the result surprisingly show that they understand the order of the information. 8.An extended section of the film discusses how children learn new words. Explain the point(s) illustrated by the following examples: -The child who calls his own dog â€Å"Nunu†, then applies the word Nunu to several other things (another dog, cow, slippers, salad) : Overgeneralization – â€Å"The Gavagai Problem† (the big rabbit on a billboard) : Assumption – Child labeling an item a flimmick, a closed flimmick and a spud : Child expects object labels to refer to the whole object – Children discussing the meaning of the word â€Å"alive† and the one child deciding that a car must be â€Å"alive† A child picks out a category that is relevantly alike 9. The film moves to Papua New Guinea (home of 750 languages spoken by 3,000,000 people) and discusses language universals and then Universal Grammar. -What aspects of language are candidates for language universals? Subject, Object, Verb – What are examples are presented in the film as evidence of Universal Grammar? There are certain kinds of mistake that children never seem to make. (ex. What did you eat your egg and?) 10. Explain what Chomsky means when he says that â€Å"all children are pre-programmed in advance of experience; they know fixed, invariant structural principles of language†. Capacity to learn language is deeply engraved in the mind and children are not taught language, they just do it.

Plan and Design a Small System Project Research Paper

Plan and Design a Small System Project - Research Paper Example ut at the center the System Development Life Cycle is resilient in its testing and implementation in the business, government and industry architecture. Actually, the System Development Life Cycle has been termed as one of the two dominant application development techniques in today’s world together with prototyping. Thus learning about System Development Life Cycle is still very crucial to students of all centuries. This article outlines System Development Life Cycle application in a real world health care environment entailing a core component of a sectional hospital care facility. The article may be used as pedagogical equipment in system analysis and design course, or even in an upper division or graduate course as a scenario of implementation of the System Development Life Cycle in practical application. Several aspects have been discussed that include the entire System Development Life Cycle in health care setup. SDLC has always been part of the information Technology family since the inception of modern digital computers (Wager, Lee, Glaser & Wager, 2009). Systems Analysis and Design course is requisite in various Management Information Systems application programs. Even though such lessons avail an overview of several means of acquiring or developing a software application, at their core such applications still contribute a significant amount of time to System Development Life Cycle as they ought to. As this paper will demonstrate, chronological steps and phases adherence is still an acceptable way of insuring the successful software development. Generally, SDLC has really evolved but at its core it still remains a vast technique used for developing software applications. Early dissertations of the SDLC upheld the arduous delineation of vital steps or stages to adhere to for any type of software development project (Loretz, 2005). The Waterfall Model is one of the common well-recognized forms of development. In this classic architecture, the technique