Human resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Human resources - Essay Example It is a continuous process of methodical design to achieve optimum use of organization’s human resources (Ree &Â  French, 2010, p. 121). The aim of this study is to examine the implementation of human resource planning by the organizations. In order to achieve the organizational goals of labour requirements, the organization requires effective human resource planning. However, most of the organizations lack effective programmes on human resource planning to determine their recruitment and hiring practices. Therefore, human resource planning ensures the success of the organization by helping it to acquire the right labour force in the right numbers to match available jobs. However, some organizations fail to implement human resource planning for the following reasons; In order for the organization to have effective manpower planning, they must forecast the future demand for workforce. They can achieve this through trends analysis by studying the demand of some previous years and project the same in the future (Ree &Â  French, 2010). However, the demand and supply of labour is affected by economic conditions such as recession and boom periods. Such unpredictable economic conditions affect the capacity of the organizations to conduct effective resource planning (Kew &Â  Stredwick, 2010, p. 113). Organizations incur much expense to conduct human resource planning (Kew &Â  Stredwick, 2010). This is because almost all personnel must be involved in making a projection in order to achieve the reliable result. However, considering most organizations are small in size they cannot afford the cost of carrying out market research to obtain data for effective market trend analysis and predict the future demand for workforce. Instead of matching present and future labour requirements of organization, they acquire workers whenever the need arises and will downsize the workforce in case of fall in demand due to changes in

“Inevitable vs. Amendable” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Inevitable vs. Amendable† Essay The film â€Å"Inequality for All† tries to explain; what is the current status of the distribution of wealth and that of income equality? Why this is happening and if this is a problem. Yes, as stated in the film, social inequality is inevitable. But, there is without a doubt a problem with United States distribution of wealth. One of the facts that really opened my eyes was the fact that the 400 richest Americans, together hold more wealth than the poorest 150 million Americans have together. This said, it is scary to think about how obscure was the knowledge we had on the one percent with given how much economic influence they have. The minimum wages vs. growth of productivity graph is one that I found very interesting. Why is â€Å"just† in today’s society to be part a more productive workforce that gets paid less than the workforce we had a few decades ago? The line graph for productivity growth is rising every year, meaning that more work is being done. On the other hand, the minimum wages growth rates were rising but after a while they seem to have plateau and they have been like this for about 30 years. Advances in globalization and technology are also inevitable because it is simple economics that a product shall be produced in the cheapest way possible. Yes, technology does create jobs but as we see in the film companies like Amazon are also opting to operate with high tech machinery instead of the traditional assembly line. Women going to work, general workforce working for longer hours and borrowing money from the financial sectors are coping mechanisms that the middle class used to keep up with their good lifestyles, but in my opinion these are more like defense mechanisms in order to survive in the concrete jungle with the same wages they had 30 years ago. One other comparison that I liked was how the widening inequality leads to a deficiency cycle and when the wealth is equally distributed economic stability is transfused from sector to sector creating a domino effect leading to a virtuous cycle.

Michael Porter’s Five Forces Essay -- Business Strategy Analysis

Porter’s 5-Force Analysis Michael Porter’s 5-forces can be used to analyze an industry and help shape and create a â€Å"competitive strategy† (Porter, 6). Understanding each of the five forces and how they interact with one another provides a clear picture of the degree of competition being faced within an industry, and therefore its relative attractiveness. The understanding cannot provide an advantage; it is what you do with the understanding. Without the understanding, a strategy can be at risk of being unrealistic. Michael Porter’s 5-force Analysis is a tool for the structural analysis of industries. There are 5 forces that always shape the competitive structure of an industry: Supplier Power, Barriers to Entry, The Threat of Substitutes, Buyer Power, and Industry Rivalry. I. SUPPLIER POWER Supplier power is the ability of a supplier to control the cost and supply of the inputs in the market. The supplier power of an industry can be altered in many ways: 1) Differentiation of Inputs – If a company needs various inputs from different suppliers, then those suppliers have a high power. 2) Switching Costs for Transferring to Other Suppliers - Supplier power is high if the cost to switch over to a new system is high. 3) Availability of Substitutes – If the raw material that’s needed for manufacturing can be replaced with alternatives, the supplier power is low. 4) Supplier Concentration – The fewer suppliers there are, the higher the supplier power. 5) Suppliers’ Dependence on Volume – If suppliers are dependent on supply volume, then the supplier power is low. 6) Cost Relative to Total Purchases in the Industry – If a company thinks that they are being overcharged, they may switch to another supplier. 7) Impac... ...dia.net (30 January 2003) Legamedia.net is mainly a foreign website written in Dutch about Porter’s Analysis. 6. http://panko.com (30 January 2003) This website is a Ray R. Panko’s personal business website. Ray Panko is a Professor at the University of Hawaii and has written a number useful sources about information systems and communications. 7. http://www.quickmba.com (29 January 2003) This website includes a detailed summary of Porter’s Analysis. Information used from this site includes a diagram of Porter’s Five Forces. 8. http://www.themanager.org (31 January 2003) This website offers a description of various management tools including Porter’s Five Force Analysis. 9. Porter, Michael E. Competitive Strategy. New York, New York: The Free Press, 1980. This book written by Michael Porter is unaltered information about his theory.

Self Discpline

All successful people have self-discipline as it is this quality that aids you to reach your goals. Developing self-discipline for success means you are giving yourself and your goals true and proper respect. It affects your ability to see a project through. It allows you to stay focused on your goal. We are given magnificent ‘birth gifts† – talents, capacities, privileges, intelligences, opportunities – that would remain largely unopened except through our own decision and effort. The pillars of self-discipline is acceptance, will power, hard work, persistence.Self-discipline becomes powerful when combined with passion, goal-setting and planning. Self-discipline is to do the right thing because you want to, not because you have to. Self-discipline is the ability to get yourself to take action, regardless of your emotional state or how you feel about it. Self-discipline is to accept responsibility and do what is expected of you. It is the ability to exercise control over one's behaviour or emotions. It is organised resilience. It is the ability to control unnecessary and harmful impulses.It is inner power to overcome the desire to indulge in unnecessary and useless habits and an inner strength. Self-discipline is to act with integrity. To choose between what is right and what is wrong, to balance individual needs with the needs of others and to understand moral values and follow rules. Self-discipline is also to manage time, thoughts and physical actions to reach your goal. It is a type of selective training, creating new habits of thought, action, and speech toward improving yourself and reaching your goals.Self-discipline is the active agent that drives inspiration into reality. It gives you the will power to reject immediate satisfaction for something better. How to Become Self-Disciplined Be quick to break habits that can break you. Hasten to adopt practices that will become habits to help you succeed. Everyone wants more self-disc iple as it gives us control over our lives. We do want to take charge of ourselves, control our temper, appetite, laziness and more. No one is born with self-discipline, it is learnt through practice.Building self-discipline is like building a muscle. The more you train it, the stronger it becomes. As it takes muscle to build muscle, it takes self-discipline to build self-discipline. The more self-disciplined you become, the easier it gets. We use progressive weight training to build muscle. This means lifting weights that are close to your limit. Similarly, to build self-discipline, is to tackle challenges that can be successfully accomplished but which are near your limit. It is not trying and failing; it is not staying in your comfort zone.You will gain no strength trying to lift a weight that you cannot budge, nor weights that are too light. Learn how to lift the right weight for your life through a home business that specializes in self-development. As a home business opportuni ty, Empowering Lives help parents achieve the goal of raising contented, confident and compassionate children through our bully prevention and self-development programs while setting the example of parents whom are successful and can reach their goals!

Albany Plan of Union Essay

A lot of uneducated people in today’s time think that the colonies always worked together before the French and Indian war. But sadly the people who think this are wrong. In fact the only connection between the colonies, other than the fact that they were all part of England, was through trade. With this loose connection there would never be any hope of defeating the French in the French and Indian war. But luckily Ben Franklin had a great idea to unite the colonies called the Albany plan of union. Even though it was not passed, the Albany Plan of union was a genius idea because it brought every colony under the control of one council, allowed the collection of taxes for military purposes, and united the colonies so that they could actually defeat the French. First off, throughout America the only thing governing the colonies besides England was each colony’s own colonial assembly. This kept each of the colonies very diverse and independent from each other. With the Albany Plan each of the colonies would be under control of a Grand Council, which would be headed by a President General appointed by the king. This would keep all the Colonies together and following one order. With this the Colonies could easy be ready for war if anything were to happen. Secondly, another big problem with the separated colonies was the fact that barely any money was sent to help the war effort. Without money for support there would be no way for supplies. Under the Albany Plan for Union, the grand council would have the right to collect taxes to go towards the war effort. One of the disagreements about this part of the plan was that the larger colonies became angry because they would be paying more taxes then the smaller colonies. This would prove to be Benjamin Franklin’s most daring part of his plan. Finally, one of the most important parts of this plan was that it united all the colonies as one. Before this plan the militia was state based and not very professional. Also state militia would not leave the boundary of their own state. This made the Militia weak and unable to defeat the French. With this union of colonies, the militias could come to the war in minutes earning them the nickname, Minutemen. In conclusion, The Albany Plan of Union was truly a genius idea. Each part f the plan was what the colonies needed to be united and to defeat the French forces. Sadly though, The Albany Plan of Union needed an approval from parliament and the colonial assemblies. In the end it was not passed because the British saw it as a threat and the Assemblies liked there power. Even though it was not accepted it was a great idea. Even though it was not passed, the Albany Plan of union was a genius idea because it brought every colony under the control of one council, allowed the collection of taxes for military purposes, and united the colonies so that they could actually defeat the French.

Process Behind Institutional Reform in Alberta essays

Process Behind Institutional Reform in Alberta essays The Process Behind Institutional Reform in Alberta By Ronald Kneebone and Kenneth McKenzie When the Klein government took office in 1993 they had one goal, to balance the budget without raising taxes. The Process of Institutional Reform in Alberta by Ronald Kneebone and Kenneth McKenzie outlines how the Klein government achieved the impossible; balancing Albertas budget without increasing taxes. The authors interviewed 48 individuals including members of the government, civil servants, bureaucrats and various other stakeholders. The general theme of these interviews was the process behind the cutbacks and institutional changes. Kneebone and McKenzie highlight the key points that were made by most interviewees as to how the government balanced the budget so effectively. The main elements to successful institutional reform and deficit reduction under the Klein government were: 1. The size and the speed of the cutbacks. 2. The source of Albertas deficit problem was that it had a spending problem, not a revenue problem. 3. The importance of a big spending cut. 6. The Allocation of Cuts Across Departments These eight factors were the backbone to institutional reform in Alberta. McKenzie and Kneebone also point out that Alberta was in a position that was ready for reform. They point out the policy reform is often typified by these six common elements (Wilsford, 1994): 1. The perception of crises- there was a definite perception of an impending financial crises in Alberta as a result of over 20 years of fiscal irresponsibility 2. The presence of a relatively simple, somewhat hierarchical political system that is able to act quickly- the Klein government began to implement cutbacks immediately upon election 3. Strong and determined political leader- na ...

21 Words Stemming from the Latin Word for Look At

21 Words Stemming from the Latin Word for Look At 21 Words Stemming from the Latin Word for Look At 21 Words Stemming from the Latin Word for Look At By Mark Nichol A surprising number and array of English words derive from the Latin verb specere, meaning â€Å"look at.† Each word, and its meaning and related forms, appears below. 1. aspect: a part or quality of something, the way someone or something appears, or the direction that something faces (adjectival form: aspectual) 2. circumspect: reflective about the consequences of doing or saying something (noun form: circumspection; adverbial form: circumspectly) 3. conspicuous: easy to see, or attracting attention (noun form: conspicuousness; adverbial form: conspicuously) 4. despicable: obnoxious or worthless (verb form: despise; noun form: despicableness; adverbial form: despicably) 5. expect: look forward to something or think that something will happen, consider something necessary or reasonable, or, as expecting, being pregnant (noun forms: expectedness, expectation, expectancy; adjectival form: expectable; adverbial forms: expectably, expectedly) 6. frontispiece: an illustration opposite the title page of a book, or the front of a building, or an architectural feature over a window or other opening (the final syllable is not cognate with piece) 7. inspect: look at something carefully (noun forms: inspector, inspection; adjectival form: inspective) 8. introspection: examination of one’s own feelings or thoughts (verb form: introspect; alternate noun form: introspectiveness; adjectival forms: introspective, introspectional; adverbial form: introspectively) 9. perspective: point of view, a literal or figurative view, or a way to represent an image by using converging parallel lines to give an illusion of depth and distance (or such an image) (adjectival form: perspectival) 10. prospect: as a verb, scout, or search for mineral deposits; as a noun, an opportunity or possibility, or someone likely to be chosen (alternate verb form: prospecting; alternate noun forms: prospector, prospecting; adjectival form: prospective) 11. respect: as a verb, to admire or regard; as a noun, admiration or regard (adjectival form: respective) 12. retrospect: as a noun, review; as an adjective, relating to the past or a past event (alternate noun form: retrospective; alternate adjectival form: retrospective) 13. species: related living things capable of interbreeding with other members of the species, one of several kinds of atomic particle, or a thought or mental image, or, loosely, synonymous with kind or sort (adjectival form: species) 14. specimen: a thing typical of its kind, or a remarkable example of something, or a minuscule amount or piece of a substance to be examined or tested 15. spectacle: an impressive show or sight; in plural form, a synonym for eyeglasses (adjectival form: spectacular; alternate noun form, spectacular) 16. spectator: a person who watches an event (verb form: spectate; adjectival form: spectator or spectatorial; alternate noun forms: spectatorship, spectatory) 17. specter: a ghost or spirit, or something that bothers or haunts one; British English spelling is spectre (adjectival form: spectral) 18. spectrum: range of light or sound waves, or range of people or things; scientific plural form: spectra 19. speculation: guess or idea, or financial activity with high risk but possibility of high profit (adjectival form: speculative; adverbial form: speculatively) 20. speculum: a medical instrument inserted into a body passage, or an image showing the relative positions of the planets, or a patch of color on a bird’s wing 21. suspect: as a verb, think that a crime has been committed or someone has done something wrong or that something is the cause of something bad; as a noun, someone or something that has caused something bad to happen; as an adjective, causing doubt or a feeling that someone did something wrong or that something bad is likely or true (alternative noun form: suspicion) Todays YouTube video: Program vs. Programme Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Dialogue Dos and Don'tsWhat is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?What the heck are "learnings"?

Free PDF Chemistry Worksheets To Download or Print

Free PDF Chemistry Worksheets To Download or Print This is a collection of chemistry worksheets in pdf format. The answers to the questions are available on separate worksheets so you can fill them out and then check your work. Please feel free to download these to your computer, print them, and use them as hand-outs. Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids WorksheetMetric to English Conversions WorksheetMetric to English Conversions AnswersMetric to Metric Conversions WorksheetMetric to Metric Conversions AnswersTemperature Conversions WorksheetTemperature Conversions AnswersTemperature Conversions Worksheet #2Temperature Conversions Answers #2Moles to Grams Conversions WorksheetMoles to Grams Conversions AnswersFormula or Molar Mass WorksheetFormula or Molar Mass Worksheet AnswersPracticing Balancing Chemical Equations - WorksheetBalancing Chemical Equations - AnswersPracticing Balancing Chemical Equations - Worksheet #2Balancing Chemical Equations - Answers #2Practicing Balancing Chemical Equations - Worksheet #3Balancing Chemical Equations - Answers #3Balancing Equations - Worksheet #4Balancing Equations - Answer Key #4Common Acid Names Formulas - WorksheetAcid Names and Formulas - AnswersPractice Calculations with Moles - WorksheetMole Calculations - AnswersAcid Base pH - WorksheetAcid Base pH - Answers Gas LawsGas Laws AnswersGas Laws Answers - Shown WorkLimiting Reagent - WorksheetLimiting Reagent - AnswersCalculating Molarity - WorksheetCalculating Molarity - AnswersBalancing Redox Reactions - WorksheetBalancing Redox Reactions - AnswersPrintable Element CrosswordPrintable Element Crossword - AnswersChemical Names to Chemical Formulas - WorksheetChemical Names to Chemical Formulas - Answer KeyChemical Formulas to Chemical Names - WorksheetChemical Formulas to Chemical Names - Answer Key Printable Periodic Tables Here are some printable periodic tables to help you out, also in pdf format. Color Printable Periodic Table - Pretty much everything you need that can fit on a page and still be readable. Color table with atomic numbers, element symbols, element names, atomic weights, periods, and groups. [2013 Edition] [2012 Edition]Black/white Printable Periodic Table - Black/white table with atomic numbers, element symbols, element names, atomic weights, periods. [2013 Edition] [2012 Edition]Blank Printable Periodic Table - Fill in the boxes yourself.Electron Configuration Periodic Table - Periodic table that lists the electron configurations for each element.Color Printable Periodic Table - Color table with atomic numbers, element symbols, atomic weights, periods, and groups. (no names)Basic Printable Periodic Table - Black/white table with atomic numbers, element symbols, atomic weights, periods. (no names)Basic Periodic Table with Element Names - Black/white table with element symbols, names, atomic numbers, and periods. (no weights)Basic Periodic Table with Element Nam es (color) - Color periodic table with element symbols, names, atomic numbers, periods, and groups. (no weights) The atomic weights given on these tables are the most recent (2007) values as accepted by the IUPAC. Printable Scientific Method Flow Chart This is a flow chart of the steps of the scientific method, available as a PDF file: Scientific Method PDF Also available is a PDF of a pie chart of the elemental composition of the human body.

Medieval Peasants Were More Important Than Monks And Knights Essay

Medieval Peasants Were More Important Than Monks And Knights - Essay Example Daily lives of the three social classes explain their relative significance in medieval society. Peasants belonged to the lowest social class and were despised, despite their contribution to society and their direct help to members of the higher social classes. Even though peasants were not entitled to large pieces of land, they had an opportunity to own land from their respective lords. They could offer labor as a price for ownership and this meant that as long as a peasant could work and be motivated towards land ownership, they could own as much land as their efforts could allow. Consequently, the peasants could meet their needs from land ownership, especially with respect to basic needs and this established significant equivalence between members of the social class and members of higher social classes. ...it activates in the absence of the monks and the knights while the monks and the knights could not offer labor into some of the society’s economic activities.1 Understan ding the roles that the monks and the Knights played in the society also explains the relative significance of the peasants over monks and knights. Core objectives of the monks, as their three main vows suggest, were to ensure eradication of poverty, to ensure chastity, and to ensure obedience. Unlike the peasants who offered labor in an almost capitalistic scope and therefore ensured production of goods and services towards their master’s desired volumes, the monk's economic activities focus on eliminating poverty but not wealth creation. These factors identify more economic significance peasants than the monks because the monks economic activities were limited to â€Å"necessary supplies of vegetables and grain†.2 The monks’ other points of focus, chastity, and obedience, are also secondary needs and this identifies more significance of the peasants in resource creation towards meeting people’s basic needs. The monks’ areas of operation were also limited to monasteries while the peasants contributed to a wider scope of the society. Lives and functions of knights were also limited to the lives and interests of the noble class and not on the community’s basic needs. members of the social class focused on wars that their lords fought and spent most of their times preparing their weapons and keeping themselves fit to defend their lords from possible attacks and to attack enemies as deemed by the lords.

Conferencing Software or Social Media Research Paper - 1

Conferencing Software or Social Media - Research Paper Example The web conferencing enables training and webinars are also held during the web conferences. Audio accessories enhance the conferencing experience. The VoIP is used in the process of communication between the members attending the web conference. Two main technologies enable web conferencing. The technologies employed in the process include VoIP and HD. VoIP technology helps in the conversion of human voices from analog to digital mode. The converted voice data are transmitted over the internet. The web conferences also rely on the phone lines, which enhance communication among the participants in a web conference. The router used in the process of transmission of voice data helps in the relaying of the data to the internet service provider modem (Spielman and Winfeld, 2008). The voice data are also converted at the point of internet service provider. After the data is received by all the web conference members, the information is assembled by the computer and converted into usable form. The audio data flow smoothly through a cheaper way. Social media refers to the medium through which people chat on an online platform such as Facebook, Twitter, and Skype. These forms of social media help in the exchange of ideas. The forum helps in the meeting of many people on internet forums. Social media is more reliable than the web conferencing because it enhances many applications including online marketing. Social media is commonly used for business purposes. Different people advertise different commodities on the social media under different web links. According to Spielman and   Winfeld (2008), social media serves as a meeting point for potential buyers and sellers. The chatting engagement with social media is live and reliable because an individual is able to extract sufficient from his partner on the social media platform. Different forms of software are applied in social media. These include the IM software and

Psalms Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psalms Description - Essay Example Chapter 9 begins by saying a man will have many years added to his life who fears the Lord.   Proverbs four through seven teach about lessons or warnings against adultery, and lust. Chapter one begins with instruction not to follow the evil path. The Word says in verse twenty-three that we should guard our hearts because it is the wellspring of life. Then Chapter one continues the discussion about the lust of the eyes. Proverbs 1:24-27 says"Put away perversity from your mouth; keep corrupt talk far from your lips. Let your eyes look straight ahead, fix your gaze directly before you. Make level paths for your feet and take only ways that are firm. Do not swerve to the right or the left; keep your foot from evil." Chapter five again has a warning against adultery. Proverbs 5:3-5, discusses adultery in the following words. "For the lips of an adulteress drip honey, and her speech is smoother than oil; but in the end, she is bitter as gall, sharp as a double-edged sword. Her feet go down to death; her steps lead straight to the grave." Proverbs in chapter six tell us to flee like a gazelle from the hand of the hunter. Proverbs in chapter fourteen through sixteen teaches us about wrath and anger. The fear of the Lord is mentioned throughout these three chapters. ... The Proverbs speak many times about the dangers of pride. If you boil all sin down the root of sin is pride. The fall of man can even be traced back to pride. The Word says "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall." Proverbs 16:5 goes even further and says, "The Lord detests all the proud of heart." Furthermore, the Lord says humility comes before honor, and He will show grace to the humble. The Word speaks about gossip and how distractive this can be a friendship. This essay will discuss friendship and faithfulness related to Proverbs in chapter twenty-seven through thirty-one. Proverbs 27:6 tells us," Wounds from a friend can be trusted, but an enemy multiplies kisses." This proverb tells us that a true friend will speak the truth in love. Proverbs 31 describes a wife of noble character and reveals faithfulness in love and marriage in the following words, "A wife of noble character who can find She is worth far more than rubies. Her husband has full confidence in her and lacks nothing of value. She brings him good, not harm, all the days of her life." Proverbs 31:10-12. The Walvoord commentary gave a detailed exposition concerning the date and authorship of the Book. The introduction part of the commentary explained in detail the historical background and the literary style of Proverbs. The author of the commentary also pointed out that Solomon had written 3,000 proverbs as stated in 1 Kings. The exposition commentary went into detail about the themes of the Book of Proverbs.  

The Context in which Health and Social Care Managers Operate is as Essay

The Context in which Health and Social Care Managers Operate is as Important as the Decisions they Make - Essay Example Management also finds its application in the social and health care industry because it is a versatile discipline. Managers are present at almost every level of a health care providing facility. This brings us to the context of management at a health care facility. Managers in a health care industry, also referred to as healthcare administrators, perform the typical functions expected of a manager. These functions include planning, leading, directing and controlling the involved health care services. Healthcare managers work closely with other medical service professionals like physicians and economists in ensuring effective delivery of healthcare services to the society. In their practice, healthcare administrators base their professional duties to healthcare policies operating within a given social setting. According to Stephen (2007), health and social policies guides health professionals in their healthcare provision responsibilities. At this juncture, it is procedural to underst and management from an academic perspective. According to Armstrong (1999), scholars with potential of developing their careers in the healthcare administration industry receive training concerning theories, practices and policies within the actual healthcare management environment. These educational processes include evaluation of different cases, which aims at helping a student to develop an insight on the application of management theories in real life situations. This brings us to the context of the case study. The case on Ellen’s story provides an illustration on how management applies during actual delivery of healthcare services. Ellen finds herself in a nursing home after developing a health complication. On arrival at the nursing home, Ellen had given up on her life. She was unable to respond to her needs and decided to life a life of dependency. However, healthcare providers at the nursing home helped Ellen to recover. Ellen recovered upon completion of her stay at the nursing home. Ellen is in a position to perform some of her hobbies and economic activities which includes knitting. In addition, Ellen came out confidently and started engaging in social activities like sports. The underlying issue in this case concerns the provision of healthcare and the management activities that facilitate effective delivery of healthcare to the society. According to Armstrong (1999), efficient management services during healthcare service delivery is responsible for the successful recovery of Ellen. Ellen was in a compromising state of desperation when she entered the nursing home. Medical providers acknowledged that Ellen would require intensive and time consuming healthcare in order to help her recover. Upon acknowledgement of this fact, the responsible professionals, who included the facility administrators and nurses decided to commit their efforts towards helping Ellen recover. This context illustrates a situation concerning the effectiveness in health care management and quality service delivery to the society. In the context of Ellen’s case, the main contextual factors with respect to the underlying subject of healthcare are healthcare administration and quality of services delivered to the involved parties. The entire case highlights the elements of management and service provision. Since this essay deals with the aspect of management, we will appraise these contextual factor

ALVIMOPAN FOR TREATMENT OF ILEUS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ALVIMOPAN FOR TREATMENT OF ILEUS - Essay Example alvimopan is a peripherally restricted opiod antagonist, whose use is a strategy aimed at reducing the delay in the GI tract recovery and postoperative morbidity, as a result of the use of opioid analgesia. Ludwig et al, 2008 conducted a study comparing alvimopan or a placebo with the Standardized Accelerated Postoperative Care Pathway (SAPCP). The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of alvimopan in dosage of 12 mg initially given orally 30 to 90 minutes prior to the surgical procedure and subsequently twice daily along with the SAPCP in the management of POI after bowel resection. This study was a randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo controlled phase 3b trial that was conducted across fifty-five sites in the United States of America after receiving the institutional review board approval for each of the sites. Adult patients over the age of eighteen years undergoing laparotomy for small-or large-bowel resection having primary anastomosis and scheduled for post-operative pain management employing opioid-based, patient-controlled analgesia were included for the study. The exclusion criteria consisted of pregnancy, current use of opioids or receiving acute course of opioids less than one week prior to entry into study, experience of complete bowel obstruction, or were undergoing total colectomy, colostomy, ileostomy, or ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, or had a history of total colectomy, gastrectomy, gastric bypass, short bowel syndrome, or multiple previous abdominal operations performed by laparatomy. 654 subjects were recruited and 629 selected for the trial. 325 of the subjects received placebo and SAPCP, while 329 of the subjects received alvimopan and SAPCP. The primary endpoint chosen was the time to GI-2 recovery, which would demonstrated the time taken to resolution of POI. Composite assessment was used to measure toleration of food and lower GI tract recovery. Secondary

The Context in which Health and Social Care Managers Operate is as Essay

The Context in which Health and Social Care Managers Operate is as Important as the Decisions they Make - Essay Example Management also finds its application in the social and health care industry because it is a versatile discipline. Managers are present at almost every level of a health care providing facility. This brings us to the context of management at a health care facility. Managers in a health care industry, also referred to as healthcare administrators, perform the typical functions expected of a manager. These functions include planning, leading, directing and controlling the involved health care services. Healthcare managers work closely with other medical service professionals like physicians and economists in ensuring effective delivery of healthcare services to the society. In their practice, healthcare administrators base their professional duties to healthcare policies operating within a given social setting. According to Stephen (2007), health and social policies guides health professionals in their healthcare provision responsibilities. At this juncture, it is procedural to underst and management from an academic perspective. According to Armstrong (1999), scholars with potential of developing their careers in the healthcare administration industry receive training concerning theories, practices and policies within the actual healthcare management environment. These educational processes include evaluation of different cases, which aims at helping a student to develop an insight on the application of management theories in real life situations. This brings us to the context of the case study. The case on Ellen’s story provides an illustration on how management applies during actual delivery of healthcare services. Ellen finds herself in a nursing home after developing a health complication. On arrival at the nursing home, Ellen had given up on her life. She was unable to respond to her needs and decided to life a life of dependency. However, healthcare providers at the nursing home helped Ellen to recover. Ellen recovered upon completion of her stay at the nursing home. Ellen is in a position to perform some of her hobbies and economic activities which includes knitting. In addition, Ellen came out confidently and started engaging in social activities like sports. The underlying issue in this case concerns the provision of healthcare and the management activities that facilitate effective delivery of healthcare to the society. According to Armstrong (1999), efficient management services during healthcare service delivery is responsible for the successful recovery of Ellen. Ellen was in a compromising state of desperation when she entered the nursing home. Medical providers acknowledged that Ellen would require intensive and time consuming healthcare in order to help her recover. Upon acknowledgement of this fact, the responsible professionals, who included the facility administrators and nurses decided to commit their efforts towards helping Ellen recover. This context illustrates a situation concerning the effectiveness in health care management and quality service delivery to the society. In the context of Ellen’s case, the main contextual factors with respect to the underlying subject of healthcare are healthcare administration and quality of services delivered to the involved parties. The entire case highlights the elements of management and service provision. Since this essay deals with the aspect of management, we will appraise these contextual factor

Science News Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science News - Article Example However, in Asimov’s words, the future is not safeguarded and humanity is staring at disaster. This is evident in issues of overpopulation, global warming, and inter-ethnic conflicts that threaten existence itself. Overall, a belief in an interesting future remains the only gateway to a pleasurable life. There are equally scientists who have attempted to defy norms that have been considered taboos. For instance, the story of the tycoon who attempted to defy gravity is the best case study. In the movie Gravity, two spacecraft astronauts try to oppose the gravitational pull occasioned by severe orbital altitudes. Unfortunately, the phenomenon of inverse square law weakens gravity but still, does not after the effects of the gravitational force (Johnson 1). Likewise, the strength of gravity on terra firma is a huge phenomenon that accounts for more than 13 percent when assessed from the International Space Station. It, therefore, concludes that the actors in Gravity would depart space at the speed of 17,000 mile per hour. Astronomy faces a hazy future if the right plans are not implemented to safeguard most its gains over the last centuries. According to Dennis Overbye, the foundation of the Lick Observatory marks the beginning of a collaborative initiative with the University of California to collect $700,000 in the acquisition of bigger telescopes. On that account, the purchase of the Thirty-Meter Telescope has resulted to acrimony amongst astronomers who fear that the Observatory maybe closed. It implies that they would lose valuable educational and research tools that have shaped astronomy in the institution for many years (Overbye 1). Similarly, Telescopes at Lick were instrumental in the research on dark energy that earned the university the Nobel Prize in 2011. Therefore, a move to interfere with its operations is tantamount to suppressing the success of adaptive

America’s Greatest Challenge in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

America’s Greatest Challenge in the 21st Century Essay Throughout the 21st century, United States of America has been plagued by so many crisis and challenges that put the integrity and strength of its government on test. But perhaps the most harrowing ordeal the country has ever experienced was the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 which claimed more than two thousand lives, mostly innocent civilians. United States has considered terrorism, coupled with nuclear threats, its greatest challenge ever. Organized terrorists from hostile nations target America. Since the nation is very superior in conventional warfare compared to its adversaries, terrorists deviate from non-conventional warfare and resort to nuclear terrorism. Technology is helping these criminals to undertake their evil scheme. In nuclear terrorism, the terrorist use nuclear weapons, including radiological weapons, to cause massive destructions to humanity to attain their political or religious ideals. Terrorists pose great threats by utilizing or exploiting nuclear in a number of ways: 1) They can attack nuclear facilities for the purpose of melting down the nuclear reactor and releasing the toxic substance inside.  The power plant will cause radioactive contamination and will result into great casualties. Such incident my equal or exceed the catastrophe brought by the Chernobyl in 1986. 2) They can create dirty bomb which is loaded with radioactive materials and a conventional explosive. Upon detonation, it releases radioactive and highly poisonous particles in the air. Terrorists find this appealing since it is very successful in instilling fear and panic. Further, its contaminating effect is long-lasting. 3) They can create improvised nuclear device (IND). This bomb uses low-grade nuclear substance but the effect is still devastating. ) They can buy ready-made nuclear weapons in the black market. This way, all they have to do is read the manual, set the weapon and detonate it. Presto! Hundreds of civilians lie lifeless on the street. 5) They can create a full- blown nuclear bomb. This may not be highly probable, but it is still possible. Organized terrorists, including those who are supported by the hostile nations, have the technology, money and capability to design and fabricate a nuclear bomb. The danger is very clear: the spectre of nuclear attack on the American soil looms and it is getting clearer each day. Wrong hands are holding nuclear weapons; the wrong hands who desire nothing but to kill Americans and destroy American power. America is a powerful and rich country. It can easily build a nuclear weapon and bomb those nations who cuddle terrorists. † Fight fire with fire. † However, that is easier said than done. There are several and less violent, yet effective, ways for America to fight nuclear terrorism. First, all nuclear weapons, materials and facilities must be secured and well-protected. This way, it prevents any plan of the terrorists to attack, sabotage or steal these things. This includes the intensive drive of the government to eliminate or confiscate all nuclear weapons and materials held by unauthorized individuals and arrest anybody who is caught selling these deadly things. Second, stiff sanction must be imposed to any nation or country that sponsor any act of terrorism. America should be firm with this one. Without any sponsor and a base, terrorism and terrorist will surely cease to prosper. Third, investigating and counter-terrorism tools must be upgraded to match the sophistication of terrorists. Aside from that, the agencies must not keep the reports to themselves. They must share information not to the public but with the other agencies. They must have transparency to compare notes and information. Lastly, the American citizens must be educated about all kinds of terrorism. Information drive should be conducted. If possible, civilians should be given authority to make an arrest if necessary. This way, ordinary citizen can help distinguish any terrorism even before the act is committed. With knowledgeable civilians around, detection of terrorism will not be limited to the authority alone; thus the long arm of the law is made even longer and prevention rate of terrorism will be much higher.

Impact Of Organizations Culture Values On Strategic Leadership Management Essay

Impact Of Organizations Culture Values On Strategic Leadership Management Essay Organizational culture is created by the strategic leadership provided by an organizations founder or top management. An organizations founder is particularly important in determining culture because the founder designates values and management styles on the organization that lasts for a long time. This may be good for a certain period but it can also be stifling over the long haul. For example, Walt disneys conservative influence on the company he established continued until well after his death. Managers were afraid to experiment with new forms of entertainment because they were afraid Walt wouldnt like it. It took the installation of new management under Michael Eisner to turn around the companys fortunes and allow it to deal with the realities of the new entertainment industry environment. The leadership style established by the founder or top management is transmitted to the companys managers, and as the company grows, it typically attracts new managers and employees who share t he same values. Thus, a companys culture becomes more and more distinct as its members become more similar. The virtue of these shared values and common culture is that it increases integration and improves coordination among organizational members. For example, the common language that typically emerges in an organization because people share the same beliefs and values facilitates cooperation among managers. When organizational members buy into cultural norms and values, this dynamic bonds them to the organization and increases their commitment to find new ways to help it succeed. The primary responsibilitiy of strategic leadership is to create and maintain the organizational characteristics that reward and encourage collective effort. Perhaps the most fundamental of these is organizational culture An organizational culture represents the shared sense of the way we do things around here, a critical factor in guiding day to day behavior and shaping a future course of action. Handy (1986) believes that it is these last two forms of culture, role and task, which are most frequently found in organizations. Handys categorization of types of culture is useful for giving a picture of different organizational cultures. It serves to highlight both the difficulty of clearly defining cultures and the profound implications of the cultural approach to organizations.Organizational Values can help employees find meaning and purpose in their work and link their individual efforts to those of the entire company. Our culture is the theatre in which we play out our lives. It is a major part of who we are. Robbins (1989) describes the culture of an organization as performing a number of functions within the organization as follows 1.It provides a boundary defining role separating one organization from another. 2. It conveys a sense of identity. 3. It enhances social system stability. Culture is the social glue that helps hold the organization together. 4. It serves as a sense making and control mechanism that guides and shapes the attitudes and behavior of employees. Organizational culture defines the rules of the game. 1.2 Discuss the organizational specific , legal , regulatory and ethical requirement impact on strategic leadership demands. Each company, business and organisation must by law have a policy in place, based upon the law regarding equality, diversity, and discrimination they must, hand in hand with these, also have a policy on company procedures of how they are to be implemented should an employee wish to bring a complaint based on any one or all of these premises. both policies must be freely available to employees, whom should be informed of their existence available as on request or as part of their contract . The legal status of your organisation may affect how you can use different types of finance. It is therefore useful to briefly review the limitations that different legal structures impose on the use of debt or equity finance. Many social enterprises are structured as companies limited by guarantee, as this is the most widely used structure for a registered charity. 1.3 Evaluate current and emerging social concerns and expectations impacting on strategic leadership in the organisation In todays competitive business climate, it is imperative that executives know how to make key decisions quickly and decisively. Strategic decisions often entail considerable risks and can have long-range implications for the organization. In this course, participants will learn how to apply formal decision-making processes in order to reduce risk and choose the best course of action for their organization Organizations that understand the creative process and foster this with employees find themselves at the top of their industry. They know how to harness the creative power of their workforce to develop new products and services. Creativity, however, is as much a matter of technique as intelligence. 2.Be able to understand strategic leadership styles. 2.1 Evaluate the relationship between strategic management and leadership. Strategic management is the art of managing employees in a way that maximizes the potential of achieving your business objectives. Good managers start with a personal agenda and use their leadership skills to spread it throughout the organisation. One of the important aspect in strategic managemement is Evaluation and control.It consists of performance data and activity reports .The information must be relevant to what is being monitored, one of the barriers to effective control is the difficulty in developing appropriate measures of important activities and output. Leadership has been described as the process of social influence in which one person can focus on the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Managers have subordinates By definition, managers have subordinates unless their title is honorary and given as a mark of seniority, in which case the title is a misnomer and their power over others is other than formal authority. Authoritarian, transactional style Managers have a position of authority vested in them by the company, and their subordinates work for them and largely do as they are told. Management style is transactional, in that the manager tells the subordinate what to do, and the subordinate does this not because they are a blind robot, but because they have been promised a reward (at minimum their salary) for doing so. Work focus Managers are paid to get things done (they are subordinates too), often within tight constraints of time and money. They thus naturally pass on this work focus to their subordinates. Seek comfort An interesting research finding about managers is that they tend to come from stable home backgrounds and led relatively normal and comfortable lives. This leads them to be relatively risk-averse and they will seek to avoid conflict where possible. In terms of people, they generally like to run a happy ship. Leaders have followers Leaders do not have subordinates at least not when they are leading. Many organizational leaders do have subordinates, but only because they are also managers. But when they want to lead, they have to give up formal authoritarian control, because to lead is to have followers, and following is always a voluntary activity. Charismatic, transformational style Telling people what to do does not inspire them to follow you. You have to appeal to them, showing how following them will lead to their hearts desire. They must want to follow you enough to stop what they are doing and perhaps walk into danger and situations that they would not normally consider risking. People focus Although many leaders have a charismatic style to some extent, this does not require a loud personality. They are always good with people, and quiet styles that give credit to others (and takes blame on themselves) are very effective at creating the loyalty that great leaders engender. 2.2 Evaluate the leadership styles and their impact on decision making. Leadership Styles Rao (1986) has classified the leadership styles, on the basis of the earlier research at the Indian Institute of Management, into the following: A Benevolent or Paternalistic leadership style in which the top level manager believes that all his employees should be constantly guided treated with affection like a parent treats his children, is relationship oriented, assigns tasks on the basis of his own likes and dislikes, constantly guides them and protects them, understands their needs, salvages the situations of crisis by active involvement of himself, distributes rewards to those who are loyal and obedient, shares information with those who are close to him, etc A Critical leadership style is characterized as closer to Theory X belief pattern where the manager believes that employees should be closely and constantly supervised, directed and reminded of their duties and responsibilities, is short term goal oriented, cannot tolerate mistakes or conflicts among employees, personal power dominated, keeps all information to himself, works strictly according to norms and rules and regulations and is highly discipline oriented. A Developmental leadership style is characterized as an empowering style, where the top manager believes in developing the competencies of his staff, treats them as mature adults, leaves them on their own most of the times, is long term goal oriented, shares information with all to build their competencies, facilitates the resolution of conflicts and mistakes by the employees themselves with minimal involvement from him. developmental style by nature seems to be the most desired organization building style. However some individuals and some situations require at times benevolent and critical styles. Some managers are not aware of the predominant style they tend to use and the effects their style is producing on their employees. Results Relationship between Leadership Style and Subordinate Feelings and Reactions The coefficients of correlations obtained between the three leadership styles taking into account all the nine situation and the six type of feelings or emotional climate generated by each of styles is presented below: Benevolent style Benevolent or paternalistic style was correlated with feelings of loyalty and dependence of subordinates on the manger. (r = 0.51) Benevolent style was also related to feelings of dislike for the boss and tendency to avoid work ( r = 54) Benevolent style was negatively related to feelings of development, empowerment, growth and independent thinking ( r = -0.5), learning (r = -0.4), morale (r= -0.5) and satisfaction (r = -0.4) These indicate that those who are close to the leader develop dependency on him/her while those who are not close to him/her develop resentment and other associated negative feelings. Critical Style Critical style highly and positively related to resentment and dislike for the boss and work (r = 0.75) It was moderately and positively correlated with dependency and personal loyalty (r = 0.47) It was negatively correlated with empowerment and growth (r = -0.6), learning (r= -0.5), morale (r= -0.6) and satisfaction (r = 0.6) These indicate hat critical style also is not a desirable in general and leads to disastrous consequences. Development al Style Developmental style was positively related to empowerment, growth and independence (r = 0.73), learning (r = 0.77), morale (r = 0.85) and satisfaction (r = 0.84) It was negatively correlated with dependence (r= -0.4) and feelings of resentment or dislike for the boss or work (r= -0.7) The findings make it clear that developmental style is the most desired style in terms of creation of a growth oriented, developmental, and learning culture. These data indicate that it is the developmental style that creates most positive emotional climate. This is in very similar to the findings of McClelland on the characteristics of an Intuitional Leader. Relationship between situational style and the overall style Item total correlations were computed between each of the items and the overall style across all the nine styles. Table 1 presents details. The coefficients of correlations are indicative of the predictive ability of each situation for the overall style of the candidate. The table indicates that all except one of the items dealing with management of mistakes have a reasonable high predictive ability as indicated by the item total correlations. The coefficients of correlation re rather high. Table 1: Coefficients of correlations between the style shown in each situation and the overall style scores across all the nine situations. S. No. Item Content or situation Item total correlation between the item dealing with the style Benevolent Critical Developmental 1 Goal setting or assignment of tasks .79 .57 .75 2 Information sharing .75 .59 .83 3 Managing mistakes .05 .68 .86 4 Managing conflicts .52 .61 .78 5 Rewarding or recognizing good performance .81 .71 .89 6 Decision taking .7 .76 .86 7 Performance monitoring .75 .76 .81 8 Resource and support giving .81 .74 .82 9 Responding to   failures .74 .67 .84 2.3 Discuss why leadership styles needed to b adapted in different situation and evaluate the impact on the organization. There are many different ways to be a good leader and studies conducted have identified several distinct styles of leadership. These can be categorized in a variety of ways, each using different methods, techniques and tools to achieve the same result of providing direction, implementing plans and motivating a group. Each leadership style will have varying degrees of success in different situations and their effective use will also depend on the personality and personal skills of the leader involved. Leadership styles are commonly divided into 3 major types: Authoritarian Or Autocratic Leaders using this style will have total authority over any decision making and will basically tell their followers what needs to be done and how the tasks should does have its place and its uses it is particularly effective when time is limited, such as in an medical emergency, when it is vital for someone to take charge and prevent any chaos or confusion. It is also good for groups that need close supervision and would not necessarily have much useful to contribute to any decision-making process, such as when dealing with young children or very inexperienced employees. This style can also work well in a normal workplace setting if your employees already well-bonded and well-motivated and have trust in you as their leader. However, it is not generally recommended to use the autocratic style all the time as this can lead to loss of motivation from followers, as resentment builds. This is particularly true when dealing with creative employees and team players, who may be keen to participate in the decision-making processes. Participative or Democratic This kind of style prioritizes team participation and because each member is allowed to contribute his/her ideas and feels that their input is considered seriously, there is increased employee satisfaction and ownership. The democratic leader will listen to his groups ideas and give them fair consideration, although the ultimate authority for the decision will still rest with him. This style is often used in the workplace when the leader has some of the information needed and the employees have the other necessary parts, so that a better decision can only be taken when everyones input is considered. It is especially effective when you have knowledgeable and skilled employees. However, one drawback of this leadership style is that it can make it difficult to make quick decisions when time is short or there is an immediate urgency to a problem. Delegative Or Free Reign This leadership style is also often called laissez-faire leadership, meaning that followers are effectively given free reign to make decisions and do what they think is appropriate. There is no continuous supervision or feedback from the leader to the group. Although this sounds risky, this leadership style can work if team members are highly-experienced and require little supervision to achieve the expected outcome. It is also useful because a leader isnt always able to do everything and often needs to delegate certain tasks, therefore, this style of leadership works well if the leader is able to trust and have confidence in the abilities of the people below him/her. Leadership Styles In Real Lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In reality, most good leaders will use a combination of these main 3 types of leadership styles to achieve the best result in each specific situation. Naturally, one style may be more dominant or more often used than others, due to the leaders personality and personal skills, but often, the situation and environment will also dictate which style is more suitable. In some cases, all three styles may be used at the same time such as a leader informing the group that a current procedure is not acceptable and that a new one needs to be established (autocratic), then asking for their ideas in creating a new procedure (democratic) before finally delegating certain tasks to different team members, for the implementation of the new procedure (delegative). 3.Be able to secure achievment of organization involvment and objectives through strategic leadership. 3.1 Develop a culture of professionalism, mutual trust , respect and support within the organization. Matching individuals to organizations is a crucial part of success for any company. The match between people and the companies for which they work is determined by the kind of organizational culture that exists.A culture of professionalism is essential for the progress of any organization. The degree to which an organizations values match the values of an individual who works for the company determines whether a person is a good match for a particular organization. The collective rules by which an organization operates define its culture. These rules are formed by shared behaviors, values and beliefs. Culture forms the basis for how individuals operate within the context of the organization. In large organizations, vision statements, mission statements and statements of values are often formalized to describe the companys culture. On the most basic level, culture is observable as a set of behaviors. Examples of culture at this level include the degree of formality with which employees conduct themselves, the organizations dress code, and the type of technology used. Beneath the level of observable behaviors are the values that underlie behavior. Though these values determine behavior, they cannot be directly observed. At an even deeper level are the assumptions and beliefs that determine values. While an organization or individuals values may remain within awareness and can be stated, assumptions and beliefs often exist beneath the surface and out of conscious awareness. Being aware of an organizations culture at all levels is important because the culture defines appropriate and inappropriate behavior. In some cultures, for example, creativity is stressed. In others, the status quo is valued. Some cultures are more socially oriented, while others are task-oriented. In some companys teamwork is key. In others, individual achievement is encouraged and valued. An organizations culture also determines the way in which employees are rewarded. Management tends to focus on a dominant source of motivation, such as pay, status, or opportunity for personal growth and achievement. The accessibility of management and the ways in which decisions are made are reflections of an organizations culture as well. It is important for individual values to match organizational culture because a culture of shared meaning or purpose results in actions that help the organization achieve a common or collective goal. An organization will operate more productively as a whole when key values are shared among the majority of its members. To that end, employees need to be comfortable with the behaviors encouraged by the organization so that individual motivation and group productivity remain high. High functioning organizations are comprised of individuals whose overt behaviors are consistent with their covert values. All of this is of crucial importance to managers. Senior executives usually set the tone by exerting core values that form the overall dominant culture shared by the majority of an organizations members. So, if management does not take the time to understand the culture that motivates an organization, problems are inevitable. New procedures and activities will be very difficult to implement if they do not mesh with the organizations culture Steps to ensure that individual are responsive to the goals and operating procedure of the organization start with the hiring process. Managers can foster the development of a positive culture by employing people who share the same values and vision that the organization represents. To do this, employers can spend time with prospects before they enter the organization as new employees. Once new hires are indoctrinated with the organizations values, they will form an objective perception of the environment that will solidify the organizations personality or culture 2 Evaluate the impact of a strategic leaders clear focuss in leading the organization in the achievement of objectives. The benefits of good organisational skills in a leader will performance of the workforce.. An effective leader will be able to steer a course around and through these challenges leading to successful implementation of service improvements. Leaders must have a clear understanding of both the formal and informal aspects of their organization as well as all their responsibilities for strategic development and change management. Then they will be able to get the most out of the organization and its workforce. The formal organisation includes the hierarchy and accountability arrangements, information systems, committee structure and meetings, employment and pay issues. The informal features include relationships, the kinds of behaviours that are expected and reward, communication, distribution of power and how conflicts are handled.The development of a learning culture is a practical measure to enable the work force to regularly polish their skills and knowledge and address their organisations objectives through their delivery of high quality services. The destructive influence of hiring someone who does not share the same set of values, goals and commitment employed by the organization will weaken a strong chain of links and bonds. An employees performance depends on what is and what is not proper among his or her peers, which in turn affects that individuals behavior and motivation to participate and contribute within the organizational framework. An effective means of keeping employees aligned with the values and goals of an organization is by developing a culture that encourages employees to focus on a higher purpose for their work. Values that support this kind of cohesive operation include the idea that people Creating an environment where people enjoy and value their work is key. To do this effectively, leaders must be sure to communicate clear expectations for every member of the organization. These expectations should be supported by the words and actions of managers who regularly let people know how their work is important to the organization. Individuals should be given assignments that are consistent with their strengths and interests, and opportunities for continued learning and growth should be provided as well. Strategic leader provides the vision, direction, the purpose for growth, and context for the success of the corporation. The two important parts of strategic achievement are formulation and implementation. While both parts are essential to achieving superior organizational performance, the implementing strategy is where most companies succeed or fail. Strategic skills are necessary in order to define and achieve specific goals and objectives. Strategic thinking involves the ability to identify a relevant desired state, assess the starting state, and then establish and navigate the appropriate path of transition states required to reach the desired state. A key element of effective strategic thinking is determining which operators and operations will most efficiently and effectively influence and move the present state in the direction of the desired state. Successful leaders know and accept themselves and are able to be present in someone elses world without judgement. They are people who see linkages and trends in situations, to trust themselves,and are able to think multi-dimensionally, being focused and expansive at the same time. They can manage ambiguity, they can enter a situation at any point, easily cope with future requirements. Another level of process involves the strategies, skills and capabilities by which the organisation or individual selects and directs actions within their environment i.e. how they generate and guide their behaviours within a particular context. For an individual, capabilities include cognitive strategies and skills such as learning, memory, decision making and creativity, which facilitate the performance of a particular behaviour or task. On an organisational level, capabilities relate to the infrastructures available to support communication, innovation, planning and decision making between members of the organisation. 3.3 Analyze how strategic leader support and develop understanding of the organizations direction. Leadership is an interactive process, the collective energy of a group, organization, or nation is focused on the attainment of a common objective or goal. Through leadership, clarity of purpose, direction, and means is achieved. There is also a perception of shared commitment by members. However, leadership tasks at the top of a large scale organization are different from those at lower levels because the nature of work changes as an individual moves up through the hierarchy of an organization The major functions performed by increasingly higher levels of the organization are increasingly indirect, complex, and ill-defined. The lower levels deal with well- understood procedures. The resource requirements are modest, and expectations of performance are clear. Leadership is direct; leaders are expected to influence the course of events by their own actions. At higher levels, requirements are less clear, problems are less defined, and there are situations where developed procedures or precedents do not exist. Leaders at higher levels must be creative in problem solving, more innovative in their thinking. They must also be more proactive, in the sense of looking further forward more perceptively to set directions that play out over long periods. Organizational leaders may influence several hundred to several thousand people. They do this indirectly, generally through more levels of subordinates than do direct leaders. The additional levels of subordinates can make it more difficult for them to see results. Organizational leaders have staffs to help them lead their people and manage their organizations resources. They establish policies and the organizational climate that support their subordinate leaders. Organizational leadership skills differ from direct leadership skills in degree, but not in kind. That is, the skill domains are the same, but organizational leaders must deal with more complexity, more people, greater uncertainty, and a greater number of unintended consequences. They find themselves influencing people more through policymaking and systems integration than through face-to-face contact. Organizational leaders  focus on planning and mission accomplishment over the next two to ten years.  Getting out of their offices and visiting the parts of their organizations where the work is done is especially important for organizational leaders. They must make time to get to the field to compare the reports their staff gives them with the actual conditions their people face and the perceptions of the organization and mission they hold. STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP Strategic leaders are generally responsible for large organizations and may influence several thousand to hundreds of thousands of people. They establish  organizational structure, allocate resources, and communicate strategic vision. Strategic leaders work in an uncertain environment on highly complex problems that affect and are affected by events and organizations outside their own. Strategic leaders apply many of the same leadership skills and actions they mastered as direct and organizational leaders; however, strategic leadership requires others that are more complex and indirectly applied. Strategic leaders, like direct and organizational leaders, process information quickly, assess alternatives based on incomplete data, make decisions, and generate support. However, strategic leaders decisions affect more people, commit more resources, and have wider-ranging consequences in both space and time than do decisions of organizational and direct leaders. 3.4 Discuss how strategic leadership styles are adapted to meet changing needs, and to enable organizational development and commitment. In order to determine what the effective leadership styles are, it is essential to have a basic understanding of what leadership is. Various Types of Leadership Styles You may discover that some of the following are effective leadership styles that you can use in managing people. Charismatic Leadership Some believe that charisma is inborn. This is the characteristic of a person who inspires without trying very hard. He or she appears to have a natural ability at leading others. This is such a leadership style that can inspire others. This is usually associated with demagogues. Charismatic leaders need to focus on leading others to attain the objectives of the organization. If they are not careful, this ability may go to their heads. Participative Leadership This style is important in making teams work effectively. The leader is both leader and active participant. Contingency leadership This is the type of leadership where plans are made in taking care of any possibility that something may go wrong. Risk management is part of this. Autocratic Leadership style This involves use of position, power and authority. Simply put, What I say is the law

Less Than Zero :: Essays Papers

Less Than Zero What you need Its not as easy as you think to throw a Rave, this sounds kind of easy, but it take takes a lot of hard work and dedication. The first thing you need is money, and the reason you need money is because you need to make a lot of deposits. If the cash flow isn’t that big then you get what are called investors, they put in their money and hope to get it back. After the money thing isn’t a problem any more then you need to look for a venue, which is not that hard any more because there are new venues everywhere, they’re just popping up. So you need book the venue. Now that you have the location for the date of your party the work begins. Now you need DJ’s, which are not that hard to find. If you know someone then all you need is one booking manager’s number and the rest isn’t hard to find. Because the booking manager usually has other numbers to give to you. So you have a couple of DJ’s but that’s not enough you need at least one headliner DJ. A headliner is a big name DJ and they are usually a little more expensive than the others. Usually the big DJ’s need to be flown in. so a ticket has to be bought and a place to stay. So you need to get in touch with a travel agent. After you have all your DJ’s confirmed, you go off and meet with graphic designers who will design you a flyer. And you need to pay him for the work and for the flyers to get printed. After the flyers are printed then people need to go out and promote the Rave at other places. Anywhere that has the right kind of people. This is not over yet. You need sound, there are a lot of people that do sound, and they bring cabinets of speakers the turn tables everything that’s needs to be brought are there. Usually they will ask you for a deposit. But if you know them it’s not a problem. After the sound is booked, you need to book the lights. So you need to find a person to set up your lights. And when dealing with sound and lights you don’t wan to deal with the cheaper kinds you want the best because the sound and lighting make a big difference.

Possible application of the transferable development right mechanism

Possible application of the movable development right mechanism: The construct of movable development rights had originated in the USA, where it has been used for private land acquisition by the State for assorted non-commercial intents such as protecting environmentally sensitive countries. In its present signifier in India, movable development rights have been used as a tool for private land acquisition to build societal comfortss. During the last 10 old ages, the Indian Government had applied this policy to get land for public usage for non-commercial purposes28. The Government of India had had a policy to O.K. development programs for all large metropoliss, while land countries for building of public comfortss such as roads, schools, infirmaries, unfastened infinites, etc. have in private ownership. The pecuniary compensation has excessively expensive and impractical. This state of affairs in India has similar to drawn-out urban route undertakings in Vietnam where the compensation cost has reached 80 % of the entire cost of the undertaking. Apart from the fiscal facets, these undertakings ever have faced resistance from the population. In some large metropoliss of India, another mechanism for compensation, the Transferable Development Right had granted on lands have reserved for unfastened infinite, roads, comfortss and public Peoples with movable development rights have had the right to build houses on their remaining land after a portion had been acquired by the city’s authorization, or in other land which has had higher value, or to reassign the movable development rights to other people. In the Mumbai in India, people whose lands have been converted to public usage could take to have pecuniary compensation or movable development rights. The movable development rights had been granted in the signifier of the Development Rights Certificates. The Transferable development rights have a monetary value, depending on the â€Å"supply-demand† in the building market. It may be transferred to people, but it may non be mortgaged at the Bankss. The issue of Development Rights Certificates has to make a movable development rights market, which has had certain impacts on existent estate market, the land market, urban development market and the procedure of land transition for urban development. Puting up the movable development rights market has a appropriate manner to assist implement the planned aims of development with low compensation costs. It has besides created an easy manner to develop public substructure and has helped people capable to lands reserve for public usage to do perchance more money from the movable development rights market. In Vietnam, a mechanism to publish movable development rights’s demands to be carefully studied before a possible pilot strategy has been implemented in a selected metropolis. Application of the theoretical account could be decided after successful pilot surveies. In Vietnam, the construction of the value of land has different from that in other states. In some states, there has no difference between planned and unplanned land, but at that place has a difference between land with development rights and land without them. For illustration, the value of a movable development rights in India has the difference in the value of land between agricultural land and non-agricultural land in Vietnam. This has showed the practical troubles in application of the movable development rights in Vietnam. However, an in deepness survey of movable development rights should to be undertaken together with a survey of why agricultural land monetary values have increased aggressively after an administrative determination has been made to change over the land to non-agricultural land. movable development rights can hold another signifier of application in Vietnam. The Chinese theoretical account of land transition has similar to the execution of industrial zone building in Vietnam. In the first phase, land for non-agricultural development has been designated on the footing of sanctioned land usage programs prepared for land recovery from current land-users and for allotment to investors. In the 2nd phase, requisition of the land from agricultural collectives has been undertaken through administrative powers with payment of compensation in hard currency or sort. In the 3rd phase, substructure investors have received the land and have prepared substructure such as roads, grading, power, sewag e, H2O, environmental and webs, treating systems. The sites have so leased or transferred to industrial or service investors via direct dialogue, a command procedure, or land auctions. The difference between the theoretical accounts of the two states has in the 2nd phase. The land in China has been recovered from agricultural collectives and in Vietnam the land has been recovered from families or persons. In Vietnam, the State allocates or rentals land non merely for large undertakings utilizing common substructure, but besides straight for undertakings of service nature or an industrial after direct choice of the investors or by land auction or undertaking command together with land usage. The lessons have learned from the Chinese experiences have to happen a suited bound for application of mandatory land acquisition. This system may be applied to large undertakings which require a primary investor for readying of the common substructure have been followed by the primary investor leasing or reassigning the sites to industrial or service investors via direct dialogue, offering procedure or land auctions. The Korean theoretical account of land transition has had some points that can be considered for application in Vietnam. In Korea, the Government has established land districting programs for industrial and residential countries which have been so developed through land readjustment strategies. The undertaking costs and net incomes have been shared among some secret plans and the landholders have been given back to landholders. The Korea Land Cooperation has been allowed to implement urban development plans ; this organisation has similar to the Land development organisation in Vietnam. This mechanism has allowed people to recapture most of the undertaking benefits and to supply inexpensive service sites to building companies. Under the Urban Development Law ( 1999 ) , private developers have been permitted to suggest urban development undertakings every bit long as they have obtained blessing from two tierces of the landholders. In Vietnam, betterment of the Land development organisations could be considered to reform the compulsory land transition system. Some facets of the land monetary value assessment process piloted in Ho Chi Minh City The People’s Committee of Ho Chi Minh City have decided to use the process of land monetary value appraisal to specify the market-based monetary value of land to find land value and compensation. The land monetary value appraisal service has been supplied largely by the Southern Centre for Consulting and Price Assessment Services ( Ministry of Finance ) and the Centre for Price Assessment of the Ho Chi Minh City ( Department of Finance, Ho Chi Minh City ) . In an interview with the first Centre, the manager noted: †¢ The land monetary value rating procedure has an nonsubjective agencies to help in making consensus between State organic structures and has affected people. †¢ The legal method for agricultural land rating has based on income from agricultural production has non been aligned with the market monetary value of agricultural land. †¢ Application of the legal method for non-agriculture land rating for undertaking investing have based on the comparing of the land with other similar land brushs troubles in happening similar land with a similar investing potency. †¢ There have no market based land monetary value databases for application of the comparing method to non-agriculture land monetary value appraisal. †¢ Affected people are utilizing the public services of land rating but there have no ordinances on the declaration of land monetary value differences. The land monetary value appraisal process for land compensation and relocation should be developed for application in all states. To explicate a suited legal model, several surveies and pilot activities have been needed. Apart from the legal facets, the building of a land monetary value database should be undertaken as shortly as possible. The Land Law 1987, the 2nd session of National Assembly VII has adopted this Law on December 29, 1987 and it came into consequence on January 1st, 1988. This jurisprudence has consisted of 6 chapters and 57 articles have constructed on the footing of the State-subsidized theoretical account on land. The chief contents item land allotment by the State for the usage of organisations, families and persons ; the land direction system ; the system of land usage for wood land, agricultural production land, land for particular utilizations and fresh land, residential land ; the rights and duties of the land-users ; and the system of land usage for foreign organisations and persons. This jurisprudence had had merely three articles modulating the land transition system with the undermentioned content: ( I ) The State recovers land when the land would be used for the intent of the State or public involvement ; ( two ) Those who has used agricultural and forestry land have been allocated by the State who has wished to change over this land to industrial and service intents may pay land compensation to the State and so this compensation would be used to develop the resources of the land ; ( three ) If the current land user has non continued to necessitate usage of the land, the State woull recover the land to apportion to others and the current the land user would be compensated for belongings on the land ; ( four ) If the land in current usage has been recovered by the State to utilize for the intents of the State or public involvement, the current land-user will be compensated for losingss and allocated with other land. Harmonizing to these ordinances, the land users have received land allocated by the State to utilize, but had no had belongings rights on that land every bit good as no land dealing rights. The land-user merely has had ownership of the belongings on the land in which they has already invested. Land transition has been carried out under the compulsory mechanisms decided by the State. The Government’s Decreessteering execution of the Land Law 1993, the Law of 1998 on amendment and supplementation of the Land Law, the 2001 Law on amendment and supplementation of the Land Law and the two regulations on rights and duties of organisations utilizing land. During the cogency of the Land Law 1993 ( 15th October, 1993 – 1st July, 2004 ) , the Vietnam Government had issued 30 edicts including 3 edicts on general land direction ; on revenue enhancement on land usage are 4 and transferred of land usage rights ; on land enrollment are 3 ; on land monetary values are 7, land usage fees, land rental and cadastral charges ; on land compensation on land recovery by the State are 2 ; and on land rental and system of land usage for all land classs and land allotment by the State and, rights and duties of land-users are 13 edicts. Among the edicts steering execution of the Land Law, there have 3 groups of edicts that dealt with land transition mechanisms. These have the group of edicts on compensation on the State’s recovery of land ( associating to mandatory land transition ) . The group of edicts on the land leased and allocated by the State, government of land usage for all land classs, rights and duties of land-users ( associating to voluntary land transition ) ; and the group of edicts on land monetary values, land usage fees, land lease ( associating to both land transition systems ) . These edicts specifically include: †¢ Decree No. 90-CPof 17th August, 1994 stipulates compensation for losingss caused by the State’s recovery of land for usage in intents of national defence, security and national and public involvements. The compensation rule is that compensation for losingss in land would be made through the allotment of new land in the same class as the land had been recovered. If the State could non happen other land for allotment or the individual whose land has been recovered does non bespeak compensation in land, a payment would be made with the value calculated on the footing of the land monetary value has announced by the provincial people’s commission in conformity with the model of land monetary values have stipulated by the Government in Decree No. 87-CP dated 17th August, 1994. All belongings have associated with the land would be compensated for by a sum equivalent to the bing value of the belongings at the standard monetary value has set by the State. This edict has non stipulated support for residential remotion, work break and new occupation preparation, etc ; neither does it qualify the relocation mechanism, but chiefly compensation in hard currency to help with the building of a new abode. †¢ Decree No. 22/1998/ND-CPof 24th April, 1998 on compensation for losingss when the State recovers land to utilize for the intents of national defence, security and national and public involvement. This Decree replaced Decree No. 90-CP of 17th August, 1994. The land monetary value has used to cipher compensation in this Decree has been decided by the metropolis people’s commission multiplied by a coefficient in order to guarantee compatibility with the monetary value of land usage rights on the market. The individual capable to recovery of residential land had been compensated for the land country at the degree determined by the provincial people’s commission. Properties associated with the cured land had been compensated by a sum equivalent to the bing value of these belongingss plus a amount stand foring a per centum of the bing value of the belongingss. However, the sum of the belongings compensation may non be higher than 100 % and non lower than 60 % of the original value of the belongings. This Decree have besides stipulated the support for people whose land has been recovered, such as support for disrupted productiveness and stableness, remotion and new occupation preparation. The edict particularly has stipulated the building of relocation locations and delegating residential land to families in the relocation location. †¢ Decree No. 11-CPof 24th January, 1995 on have detailed commissariats for execution of the regulation on duties of foreign organisations, the rights and persons utilizing land had leased by the State. This edict have stipulated the elaborate commissariats for the ways in which the State may rent land to foreign organisations and persons and the rights of foreign land-users as in the Regulation on the rights and duties of foreign organisations and persons utilizing land leased by the State in Vietnam. †¢ Decree No. 18-CPof 13th February, 1995 on has detailed commissariats for execution of the Regulation on the rights and duties of domestic organisations utilizing land leased and allocated by the State. This Decree has stipulated the elaborate commissariats for the State’s allotment of land without a land usage fee and the State’s leasing of land and rights applicable to domestic land-users as mentioned in the Ordinance on rights and duties of domestic organisations utilizing land leased and allocated by the State. The Decree particularly focuses on the right to mortgage land usage rights and land usage rights as a part as capital. †¢ Decree No. 85-CPof 17th December, 1996 on commissariats for execution of the Regulation on the rights and duties of domestic organisations utilizing land leased and allocated by the State. This Decree is rather similar to Decree No. 18-CP of 13th February, 1995. It has stipulated the elaborate commissariats for the State’s allotment of land with a land usage fee as mentioned in the Regulation on amendment and supplementation of on rights and duties of domestic organisations utilizing land have been leased and the Ordinance on rights and have been allocated by the State. †¢ Decree No. 04/2000/ND-CPof 11th February, 2000 on implementing the Law on amendment and supplementation of the Land Law in 1998. This Decree has guided the execution of the Law which clarifies the State’s allotment of land with and without a land usage fee, the State’s leasing of land with a individual payment or one-year payment and land usage right transportation, rental and part as capital between domestic economic organisations, families, persons. The Decree has besides stipulated elaborate ordinances on the rights of land dealing made by land users. †¢ Decree No. 87-CPof 17th August, 1994 on the model of land monetary values for all classs of land. This Decree has stipulated the model of land monetary values ( lowest to highest monetary values ) for all classs of land. On this footing the provincial people’s commission has issued a land monetary value tabular array for every land location. The model of land monetary values in this Decree has much lower than the monetary value of land usage rights transportation on the market ( 10 % to 30 % ) . The Decree has besides allowed the usage of a coefficient runing from 0.8 to 1.2, by which the land monetary value would be multiplied to guarantee compatibility with the specific substructure conditions of urban land. After lupus erythematosus than a twelvemonth of execution, the Prime Minister had issued Decision No. 302 – TTg of 13th May, 1996 to set the coefficient from 0.5 to 1.8. †¢ Decree No. 17/1998/ND-CPof 21st March, 1998 on amendment and supplementation of Item 2 Article 4 of Decree No. 87-CP of 17th August, 1994 on the model of land monetary values for all classs of land. After 3 old ages of implementing Decree No. 87-CP of 17th of August, 1994, the Government had adjusted the model of land monetary values so that the lowest monetary value may be reduced by 50 % and the highest monetary value may be increased by 50 % .

Joint Venture in China Essay

IN CHINA INTRODUCTION XYZ Limited deals in the manufacture and sale of various food products as well as other home products. Owing to sound management practices the company has made a breakthrough, manufacturing and selling a wide range of high quality products. Because it wants to capture a wide market, it has decided to enter into a joint venture in China. This has associated opportunities and threats. ANALYTICAL EXAMINATION OF THE OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE WITH THE VENTURE 1) SYNERGESTIC EFFECTS Obviously the joint venture option would result in synergy. The end result would be enhanced output since the two companies shall have pooled their resources together. These are machines and man power (expertise). The resultant production would surpass the individual production capacities of the two joint ventures. 2) WIDENED INTERNATIONAL MARKET The joint venture would enable XYZ to acquire additional markets for its products across the Asian countries. While operating alone, XYZ could only sell its products within Europe. But with the joint venture in China, and with a well co-ordinated marketing for their products, they are likely to capture a wider international market. 3) HIGH QUALITY PRODUCTS Chinese enterprises are well known for their high quality products. This is owed to the possession of and continual innovation of new technologies and new ways of doing things. They also have enviable workforces who are renowned of their expertise in the manufacturing sector. The Chinese enterprises are companies which practice total quality management as their key strategies. This is a management technique that dwells in improving the needs of the customers. It also aims at ensuring that every member of the organization fully participates in the affairs of the organization. The joint venture enables all and sundry to recognize the fact that quality is inevitable as an ingredient to success. Total Quality Management leads to the generation of policies that are of high quality and also the effective dissemination of such policies to every member of the organization. 4) BUSINESS LOCATION The location of the joint venturer i. e. at the central of the globe would also be a very good opportunity for XYZ Company Limited. This would make the two companies operate from a central point with the advantage being that one of enhancing the marketability of their products. 5) PUBLIC EXPECTATION The public associates a joint venture as a step geared towards satisfying their needs more effectively. This is due to pooled resources including manpower. 6) DIVERSIFICATION The other opportunity inherent in the small enterprise’s joint venture in China is that of diversification. They would be able to produce a wide range of products owing to vast resources. 7) FINANCIAL BACKGROUND OF THE CHINA VENTURER The small enterprise (European) has the opportunity with entering into a joint venture with a financially sound Chinese enterprise. The effect of the financial soundness of the Chinese enterprise on the small European enterprise is that the joint venture as a whole will not suffer from financial constraints. With a strong financial background, they will be able to even open up new branches and initiate new viable projects. In the year ended 31st December 2006, the Chinese company made a profit $ 700 million after taxes. The venture is also likely to benefit the shareholders as the dividend per share is likely to increase. THREATS ASSOCIATED WITH THE VENTURE. 1) LOCAL LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE A problem will arise when formulating policies, implementing the policies and evaluation as a result of differential in languages. Whereas the staff and management of the small European Enterprise recognize the English language as the official spoken language, the Chinese company does not. The staff and management of the venture in China can only effectively communicate in Chinese. This would greatly hinder effective communication that is essential in decision – making and policy formulation. 2) DILUTION OF CONTROL. Shareholders of XYZ Limited would be faced with this threat of dilution of their control. After the joint venture exercise they may not continue enjoying some if not all of their powers and rights. This is as a result of the joining of the other shareholders of the Chinese venturer in the entity. 3) COMBATING COMPETITORS Competitors of both the European small enterprise and of the Chinese enterprise would definitely react to the intended joint venture of the two companies. And they would do everything to ensure that they have countered the stiff competition that is likely to come out of the venture. The rival companies would improve the quality of their products as well as improving on creativity and innovation. This will pose a great challenge / threat on the European country because they will have to work on improving on their products in addition to being more innovative to avert such competition from rival companies. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION /LEGISLATIONS Government intervention can be a real threat to the joint venture. These can be in the form of ultimatums from either the European Union or from China itself. The legislations can also be in the form of changes in tax laws which may not favour the intended joint venture. 4) INADEQUATE EVALUATION OF THE CHINESE COMPANY The small European country has not evaluated the Chinese company to see if it is worth entering into a joint venture with it. Evaluation can be in the form of trend and industrial analysis, taking note on profitability trends, changes in turnover over the years, dividend payments, the company’s earning per share. They have not also evaluated the Chinese company on its level of activities using such activity ratios as stock turnover ratio to determine how the company changes finished goods to sales. Other relevant ratios would be creditor’s turnover, fixed assets turnover. The other very important evaluation that they have not carried out on the Chinese company is to establish how geared the company is. If the company is highly geared i. e. it has more of borrowed capital than owner’s capital in it capital structure it runs the risk of being insolvent any time which would ultimately affect the European Enterprise. The European enterprise has also not established the real reputation of the Chinese company in the capital market. They need to do this through an evaluation of its price earnings ration vis–a-vis that of other companies in the capital market who intend to invest in the company. ACCOUNTING PROBLEMS A serious problem is going to be encountered in the preparation of the final accounts as a result of the joint venture. The accounting staff of the European enterprise must change /adjust to the new approach of preparing their accounts. The accounts must be prepared in accordance with the international Accounting standards on the treatment of a joint venture. In a joint venture, every transaction is recorded on a 50- 50 basis. Even the minority interest on each of the company’s operation will be based n the stake of every venturer in the joint venture i. e. 50%. b) The International Environment of Business enables one to know the culture in the environment that the business is operating in. the idea of IEB here is to bring to the awareness of the companies, the cultural environment and how this will affect their business. Cultural factors like religion will greatly influence demand of products. As some products may be liked by other religious groups, they may be an abomination across other religious groupings. A wider international market can be an opportunity to XYZ Ltd but owing to IEM models which stipulate in changes in the political and social – economical changes of the Business Environment, the widened international market may not be a reality. Economically, the joint venture may be operating in a relatively high inflation economies which might stagnate profitability. There is also likely to be a change in the tax laws of the foreign country and XYZ Ltd will have to experience such changes. Other economic changes that the two companies would be influenced by IEB are economic growth and employment. Economic growth has an influence on the demand for products whereas employment influences the supply of labour. The International Environment of Business also focuses on the Technological environment. Technology is a question of inventions and new techniques in processes, tools and machines. According to the IEB models, technology is an important area that need not be overlooked as it enhances efficiency through a reduction of the production costs, selling and marketing costs as well as administration costs. The joint venture must also emphasize on technology if they have to conquer the opportunity of high quality production that will satisfy customer demands. Technology would also provide better services to their customers. The International Environment of Business again focuses on the need of businesses to practice business ethics within the environments they are operating. Ethics commands that the business entities employ fair advertising and marketing practices, adherence to the laws are regulations governing a certain foreign nation and the observance and maintenance of high standards of conduct and integrity. Much as the joint venture will be enjoying the centrality of their business location and a sound marketing network, they have to put into contemplation the essence of practicing ethics in their place of operation. In conclusion therefore, the management of both companies would have to review their opportunities as well as threats and establish how the International Environment of Business models /ideas would affect their business operations. References Brandenburger, A. M. and Nalebuff, B. J. 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