How Cell Phones Affect Social Behavior - 1282 Words

Effects of Mobile Phones on Social Skills Kelly Schriever, Matt Seeberger, Mary Sweet, Emily Putnam Elizabethtown College March 17, 2014 Today we live in a world where communication through modern technology is almost required. Everywhere people are texting, emailing, writing blogs, and tweeting. It’s hard to go anywhere without seeing someone using a phone or the internet to connect with others. Most people would feel lost without the use of their phones. Of course the use of technology can be good. It provides us with a faster, more efficient way to communicate with others. They also allow for easier communication with others that live far away, but many argue that modern technology,†¦show more content†¦926). Therefore, the feeling of loneliness will not disappear with one successful conversation, but rather with the practice of multiple face to face discussions, which ultimately builds relationships. If these relationships aren’t built and low self-esteem persists, then people are more likely to continue to use their cell phones as a way of communication, which could eventually lead to cell phone addiction (Hong, 2012). Cell Phone Addiction Not only does cell phone usage hinder relationships and cause loneliness, but it is also very possible to develop an addiction to your phone. Mobile phone addiction can occur for many reasons, all which directly relate back to loneliness. Hong (2012) found that one reason for cell phone addiction comes from the use of social media influences. These include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. All of these social media sites use numbers as a way to determine your popularity. How many Facebook friends do you have, how many retweets can you get on Twitter, how many people like your picture on Instagram? The higher of a number people receive on each of these sites, the higher their self-confidence will be. If a person’s self-confidence is greater due to an app on their cell phone, the more likely they are to use their cell phone to make them happy, which leads to addiction.Show MoreRelatedCell Phone Addiction Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe cell phone has be come a centerpiece of everyday life as cell phones are evolving and have been increasing their functionalities. Today, we use them today for many others reasons than what cell phones were originally designed to do. People are using them so often that they are becoming dependent on their phones that they have even become addicted to them. Those who are addicted to their cell phones struggle to stay away from them for a certain period of time and become so indulged in all of theRead MoreThe Negative Impact Of Cell Phones On Society1074 Words   |  5 PagesToday phones are an important part of society. Everybody seems to have a phone, people can generally observe somebody messaging, on the internet or just making a quick call. Many detect these to be greatly helpful assets for everyday life; however, the vast majority do not stop to consider the negative impacts that mobile phones could have on someone well being and living. In the last 15 years, nothing has impacted society like cel l phones. Cell phones were once was an item of luxury has now becomeRead MoreEffects Of Cell Phones1159 Words   |  5 PagesAre Cell Phones Destroying a Generation? The onset of cell phones has had a great impact in the modern society, and especially the millennials or the teens, and as such it has led to the destruction of a generation. It is apparent that what researchers call the iGen, people born between the year 1995 and the year 2012, depend greatly on their cell phones and their well-being majorly depends on their cell phones (Twenge 188). Researchers also prove that the iGen value their cell phones more thatRead MoreDriving A Vehicle While Texting1745 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction We currently live in a society where technology has become a necessity, more specifically, cell phones have become essential and people go crazy when they are without this particular device. This obsession with our cellular devices has caused many deaths, affected our form of communication with others, and making us stupider. Driving a vehicle while texting is six times more dangerous than driving while intoxicated according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)Read MoreIncreasing Usage Of Cell Phones1174 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Smart phone allows us to communicate with the people who we wish to stay connected with. Nowadays due to the over usage of cell phones we often find ourselves wasting too much time on it, obesity growing in teenagers, distant relationships with people etc. after researching we found that the increasing usage of cell phone has a great effect on students studying in high schools or collages such as their behavior, dropping grades etc. Concerns about dependency on mobile phones corresponded toRead MoreThe Effect Of Wireless Phone Radiation Risks On Human Health753 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween the bell and subsequent food is a learned behavior. This response could be reversed through deconditioning when the reward is removed. In order to receive cash the Oprtunidades participants learned healthier behaviors by being conditioned over ten years that the program provided conditional cash transfer to them. When the CCT program was eliminated it could have reversed the process of learning th at took place over ten years due to the social consequences of living in poverty and environmentalRead MoreCell Phones are Higlhy Addictive1431 Words   |  6 Pagesbillion cell phone subscribers in the world. (â€Å"UN says world has 6 billion cell phone subscribers, 2.3 billion Internet users†). With a number this high one must ask whether or not cell phones are more beneficial than they are harmful. Everyone recognizes the benefits of cell phones, but how often does society acknowledge the harms that cell phones induce on the public. The simplicity of communication through the use of cell phones does not outweigh the distractions caused by cell phones, becauseRead MoreThe Social Impact of Cell Phones Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesclosest thing to â€Å"cellular technology† was a car phone made by the ATA Company but, Martin and his determined Motorola group yearned higher heights and deeper depths for communication- and thus the birth of the first cell phone was in process. Cooper wanted to exceed the limitations of just simple â€Å"car conversation†. After consistent tedious hours of production, lasting a several month long period of building, critiquing, and finalizing, the first cell phone was born. The first mobile device was the sizeRead MoreCell Phones Have Become A Necessary Part Of Society928 Words   |  4 PagesCell phones have become a necessary part of society. At least any teenager will tell you so. Many Americans have cellular devices, but the main age group I’d say ranges from thirteen to twenty-five years old. These are the ones who depend on cell phones to communicate with others. Cell phones were originally created to be a phone you can use on the go to make calls instead of using a landline, however; these crazy devices have now added features such as calculators, alarm clocks and even note padsRead MoreAn Evaluation Of External Locus Of Control929 Words   |  4 Pageseverything that occurs to them. Oth er individuals believe in a higher power that predestines them to a certain fate. There are still yet some individuals who fall in between both aspects of personality studies. A non-complex description of this is how my religion can be evaluated through the locus of control. I know a tad surprising, but religion just like in many aspects of the world places an enormous amount of emphasis on what I say or do each day. When I go to Sunday mass, I feel more relaxed

The Declaration Of Independence Of The United States Of...

Throughout our course readings, lectures, class examples and so forth, we have identified multiple flaws in some of our oldest documents, which has served as the foundation of Justice in the United States of America. However, throughout history we’ve also witnessed and learned about events, presidential terms, and cultural and demographic evidence that show how the Pillars of Citizenship have not successfully worked toward the achievement of significant milestones that pertain to nationalization, globalization and equality up to this very day. The Declaration of Independence states that every citizen is granted the right to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Furthermore, it marks the groundbreaking turning point in American history where the United States gained its independence from the British Government. Since then, the Declaration of Independence argues on the people’s behalf for civil protection, and to a certain extent, negates government power. Embedded in t he Declaration, it states â€Å"whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends (revolution), it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it† and â€Å"it is their right, it is their duty to throw off such government and to provide new guards for their future security† (Week 2 Foundations and Contradictions ppt.). However, counter to all of the positives in the Declaration of Independence, which is perceived as a well-respected document that ensures each person’s right to life, liberty andShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Declaration of Independence allowed the colonies of the United States of America their own governmental structure. After the war with Britain, the United States sought out a structure giving the citizens of America their own rights. These rights include: freedom of speech, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, freedom of religion, t he ability to make their own decisions, own form of government and taxation and more. The declaration was made by the merchant class of America, the foundingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America1062 Words   |  5 Pages The United States of America is known as a place of God-given rights and equality for a diverse group of people. Since the founding of America, it was built off of the blood, sweat, and tears of immigrates. Yet, since the primeval years of this nation’s commencement, African American women rights have been adjusted or eliminatedRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesour oldest documents, which have served as the foundation of the United States of America. Throughout history we’ve witnessed events, presidential terms, and cultural and demographical evidence that show how the Pillars of Citizenship have not successfully worked toward executing the achievement of important milestones amongst nationalization, globalization and equality up to this very day. The Declaration of Independence states that every citizen is granted the right to life, liberty and pursuitRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence of the United States of America3256 Words   |  14 PagesIN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separationRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Second President Of The United States Of America1656 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson, writer of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States of America, was born on April 13, 1743. The future president was born to the parents of Peter Jefferson, a well-known and successful planter, and Jane Randolph, a prominent member of a very well-known and distinguished Virginian family. Jefferson was the third of ten children who were raised on the Shadwell slave plantation in Virginia. Starting from the early a ge of nine, Thomas Jefferson beganRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : What Shaped And Provided The Freedom The United States Of America1030 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The declaration of Independence is what shaped and provided the freedom the United States of America has today. The Declaration of Independence today is looked at a symbol for America to reflect on as it paved the way for most of the rights we have today. This document has been fundamental to american history longer than any other text because it was the first text to use â€Å"The United States of America† and in a sense the Declaration was the birth certificate of the American nationRead MoreGovernmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesJuly 4, 1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed a profoundRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence: Americas Foundation Essay example1229 Words   |  5 Pagesissue the Declaration of Independence being a legal document has been up for debate in courts for many years now. Although, the Declaration of Independence clarifies the United States identity as a free nation, it has generated intense controversy. Some feel strongly that it did not clearly define the new powers that the thirteen colonies would acquire and did not define the identity of the United States; while, others firmly believe that without the Declaration of Independence the United States wouldRead MoreThe Declaration, Facts And Emotions909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Declaration, Facts and Emotions for Independence The 4th of July, the United States of America’s very-own birthday, a day of celebration of its citizens God-given rights and liberties, and its independence from the crown of Great Britain. If America was â€Å"born† on the 4th of July in the year 1776, then The Declaration of Independence could be considered its very own birth certificate. The Declaration of Independence, as time has proven, is one of the most successful arguments ever made byRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injustices’ toward the colonies The Declaration of Independence of the United States of... IN CONGRESS, July 4, 1776. The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Natures God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights,†¦show more content†¦He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: For Quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works ofShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe Declaration of Independence allowed the colonies of the United States of America their own governmental structure. After the war with Britain, the United States sought out a structure giving the citizens of America their own rights. These rights include: freedom of speech, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, freedom of religion, the ability to make their own decisions, own form of government and taxation and more. The declaration was made by the merchant class of America, the foundingRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence Of The United States Of America Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pageswhich has served as the foundation of Justice in the United States of America. However, throughout history we’ve also witnessed and learned about events, presidential terms, and c ultural and demographic evidence that show how the Pillars of Citizenship have not successfully worked toward the achievement of significant milestones that pertain to nationalization, globalization and equality up to this very day. The Declaration of Independence states that every citizen is granted the right to life, libertyRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America1062 Words   |  5 Pages The United States of America is known as a place of God-given rights and equality for a diverse group of people. Since the founding of America, it was built off of the blood, sweat, and tears of immigrates. Yet, since the primeval years of this nation’s commencement, African American women rights have been adjusted or eliminatedRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The United States Of America Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pagesour oldest documents, which have served as the foundation of the United States of America. Throughout history we’ve witnessed events, presidential terms, and cultural and demographical evidence that show how the Pillars of Citizenship have not successfully worked toward executing the achievement of important milestones amongst nationalization, globalization and equality up to this very day. The Declaration of Independence states that every citizen is granted the right to life, liberty and pursuitRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And The Second President Of The United States Of America1656 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Jefferson, writer of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States of America, was born on April 13, 1743. The future president was born to the parents of Peter Jefferson, a well-known and successful planter, and Jane Randolph, a prominent member of a very well-known and distinguished Virginian family. Jefferson was the third of ten children who were raised on the Shadwell slave plantation in Virginia. Starting from the early age of nine, Thomas Jefferson beganRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence : What Shaped And Provided The Freedom The United States Of America1030 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The declaration of Independence is what shaped and provided the freedom the United States of America has today. The Declaration of Independence today is looked at a symbol for America to reflect on as it paved the way for most of the rights we have today. This document has been fundamental to american history longer than any other text because it was the first text to use â€Å"The United States of America† and in a sense the Declaration was the birth certificate of the American nationRead MoreGovernmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesJuly 4, 1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed a profoundRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence: Americas Foundation Essay example1229 Words   |  5 Pagesissue the Declaration of Independence being a legal document has been up for debate in courts for many years now. Although, the Declaration of Independence clarifies the United States identity as a free nation, it has generated intense controversy. Some feel strongly that it did not clearly define the new powers that the thirteen colonies would acquire and did not define the identity of the United States; while, others firmly believe that without the Declaration of Independence the United States wouldRead MoreThe Declaration, Facts And Emotions909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Declaration, Facts and Emotions for Independence The 4th of July, the United States of America’s very-own birthday, a day of celebration of its citizens God-given rights and liberties, and its independence from the crown of Great Britain. If America was â€Å"born† on the 4th of July in the year 1776, then The Declaration of Independence could be considered its very own birth certificate. The Declaration of Independence, as time has proven, is one of the most successful arguments ever made byRead MoreThe Declaration of Independence1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Declaration of Independence is one of the most remarkable documents of the United States of America. The elaborate document contains almost fourteen-hundred words including a basic structure divided into two parts and within the two divided parts contains four main ideas within seven components. The declaration is not just any standard written document; it is a work of art painted by colonists who are driven by rage because of King George III of Great Britain injustices’ toward the colonies

Nature of Order and Justice in International Politics

Question: Describe the Nature of Order and Justice in International Politics. Answer: According to Hedley Bull, order means that there are some certain things that contain some noticeable principles. To be more specific, it is a pattern that takes us to a particular outcome. This pattern can also be viewed as an arrangement of some sort of social life as it contributes to some certain values and goals in every society. However, the importance of the pattern is subjective. We have three unifying and underlying social objectives which are as follows; All the societies want to be sure that their life will at least be in some measure that will secure them against all the violence that might occur to them like bodily harm or death for that matter; the societies need to be sure about whether the promises or agreements made to them will be fulfilled, kept or undertaken by the government or politicians; the societies want to be assured that all their possessions and things will at least remain stable to some extent and will not encounter any challenges that do not have limits and at the same are also constant (Andreopoulos Carey, 2016) . All these issues of concern are so vital and important to the society, as they are the ones that make up our society. These issues are known to be primary because we have other goals that also pre-suppose the fulfillment of the same issues. These issues are widely classified as universal issues due to the fact that all the societies want them to be accounted for. These goals are so important and valuable to the society as they are independent of rules and also provide predictability to the human life. International order can be defined as patterns of activities that are able to sustain primary or elementary goals in a society of states. State on the other hand, may be described as an independent political system that asserts her sovereignty and has a government in a specific part of the earths surface and a unique segment of people. World order is defined as dispositions or pattern of people who engage in activities that sustain their primary or elementary objectives of their social life among the other people as a society. World order is considered to be wider than international order as it includes a more broad world political system of which have state systems as part of it. The world is the main contributor in the achievement of order among the people and nations. In his research, Hedley Bull tells us that they are simply a part of the history records of the international relations between nations (Eric, 2010). He believes that developed countries have already developed and will not stop developing not only to come up with an international system but will go as far as forming an international society. For so long, an idea of forming an international society has always been there. This is evidently being reflected in the todays international reality. However, this has not been an easy ride by those who are pushing for this idea due to some limits by the international societies. The idea of international society gave rise to three philosophical strands about the international systems. These three strands are Grotian internationalist tradition, the Hobbesian realist tradition, and Kantian Universalist tradition. Hobbesian views the creation of an international society as a state of war against all with a zero-sum game in legal and moral vacuum. The Kantian views international society as a cooperative community of people who have moral imperatives and a non-zero-sum game that is aimed at replacing the state system with a society that is cosmopolitan. The Grotian strand is considered to be unique as it stands between the Hobbesian and Kantian strands. The Grotian strand defines the sovereign states as the fundamental reality when it comes to the international politics and views the game as partially productive and partially distributive with both rules of expediency, imperatives, morality and law binding the game (Gillian, Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Account, 2009). According to experts, we should ask ourselves whether these thoughts really conform to the current international reality. When we take a look at the element of the society, we see that the modern international systems reflect all the elements that have been singled out by the Kantian, Grotian and the Hobbesian. These elements are; the element of struggle and war to have power among nations by Hobbesian; the element of conflict, transnational solidarity by Kantian, and finally the element of regulated intercourse and cooperation amongst the states. However, when it comes to geographical theaters of state systems, historical and policies of different statesmen and nations, one among all these elements may end up dominating over the others (Gillian Harry, The Political Philosophy of Cospolitanism, 2005). Many countries often give some respect to the basic rules of existence when it comes to the international society. This can be seen in the procedures of international laws, mutual respect for sovereignty, and the diplomatic system of representation. For instance, in the past, people that were seeking an avenue for negotiated peace or wanted to draw some attention to their common interest of their existence for example during the cold war, the second world war, Grotian just war and the Spanish Conquistadors. For many years now the topic on international distributive justice has been very prominent in the political philosophy. Most of the political philosophers have been only putting their focus on matters to do with poverty and wealth, and also how inequalities among the populate can be justified (Green Waters, 2010). They have especially focused more on inequalities between those people who come from the same countries. Philosophical debate has emerged in the past few years on how these philosophical ideas can be applied to the institutions and relationships that are held at an international level. This debate has emerged as a result of matters of philosophy together with the realities of international poverty and globalization and to make it more interesting, the world is now viewed like a global village. Many questions have been raised like whether it is really justifiable that some people have so much when others only have little. Signs of international political and economic interdependence indicate to us that there indeed exists a scheme of cooperation in the society, therefore it is important for us to stop viewing boundaries as though they have essential significance when it comes to our morals. We should all know that these boundaries are not coextensive with a scope of cooperation in our society, as they do not actually put limits on a societies obligation. The trends that are being witnessed towards more sophistication and greater theorizing on issues that touch on the international justice have both been encouraged and exemplified by Rawls publications about the laws of people. His publication influenced the current debates, concerning variety of matters like global input and international more so about the objectives of justice that is deemed to be distributive in the international realm. In the recent years, the idea of transitional justice has been coming up especially from the international human r ights movement (Monbiot, 2010). This idea was first taken to be the judicial process that was charged with the responsibility of addressing violence committed against people either by the repressive governments or dictatorial during the process of democratic transition. The idea was later changed to mean and used as a way of processing mass human rights and war crimes that were being committed during violent conflicts in various countries. Ever since, this idea has gained tremendous significance in the international realm as a way of bringing to book the perpetrators and culprits of violence against the people. The idea has been discussed by different peacekeeping missions in the international forums that are mostly engaged in promoting peace in the countries that are perceived to be participating in violence against their people. These discussions have been going on for over two decades. The field of transitional justice has for a long time been a preserve of the human rights activists, policy makers or prosecutors who most of the time serve in higher official capacities, people who have worked as judges, the legal scholars. More focus has been put in the jurisprudential and the philosophical aspects that are considered to be morally right. These efforts have particularly been geared towards the implementation and institutional design of various international tribunals. Many well recognized international experts in law have continuously written about the capacities, international legal procedures and development of the domestic or even the hybrid courts that mainly deal with greater human rights violations. Most of the researches done by the international law experts have majorly focused on the international courts that have been put in place to deal with cases like war crimes (Pablo, 2002). Some of these international courts and tribunals are; tribunals that were established to deal with cases of human rights violence in Sierra Leone, tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and lastly, the International Criminal Court that has in the recent years asserted its authority by prosecuting high profile cases and figures in the international realm. However it seems that efforts to promote order and bring justice to victims are being curtailed as many nations that are in transition have been forming truth and justice as a way of reconciling people. The danger with establishing these commissions is that there is no clear understanding on what these commissions are supposed to achieve. The disenchantment about these commissions has greatly contributed to overcoming the fixation when it comes dichotomies between justice vs. truth and also peace vs. justice. Most international experts agree that there is need for societies that recover from conflicts of violence and oppression n eed to be given both restorative and legal approaches that address different dimensions and levels of justice and truth (Rawls, 2000). References Andreopoulos, G., Carey, H. F. (2016). Justice and World Order: Reassessing Richards Falk's Scholarship and Advocacy. Eric, C. (2010). Coercion,Equity and the International Property Regime. Journal of Political Philosophy , 18, 16-31. Gillian, B. (2009). Global Justice: A Cosmopolitan Account. Gillian, B., Harry, B. (2005). The Political Philosophy of Cospolitanism. Green, J., Waters, C. (2010). Conflict in the Caucasus: Implications for International Legal Order (Euro-Asian Studies). Monbiot, G. (2010). The Age of Consent. Pablo, D. (2002). Global Justice and Transnational Politics. Rawls. (2000). Rawl's Law of Peoples: Rules for a Vanished Westphalian World, 'Ethics,. 110 (4), 697-721. Bibliography Bigelow, B., Peterson, B. (2002). Rethinking Globalization: Teaching for Justice in an Unjust World. Bull, H., Hurrel, A. (2012). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics.

Organizational Terms of Positive Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Terms of Positive Leadership. Answer: Introduction Organizational success is often expressed in the terms of positive leadership, efficiency and effectiveness. Positive leadership implies motivation, encouragement and cohesive team building; efficiency denotes functioning in the best possible manner with a perfect combination of creativity, logic and timeliness; effectiveness signifies high-quality and bang-on results. Various organizations face tough situations because of inadequate management decisions leading to dictatorship instead of leadership, clashes instead of cooperation, poor allocation of resources instead of strategic utilization of resources, poor performances instead of enhanced performances and unhealthy or pessimistic organizational culture instead of innovative and optimistic culture (Matthews, 2010). A similar situation has been faced by Dharma, owner of a non-profit organization named Helping Hands who has managed to raise an energetic and enthusiastic team of 10 permanent members and 20 volunteers. In the exploratory and struggling journey of five years, she has introduced and implemented the changes successfully. But, since last few months there has been an increased requirement for the services and amenities which the organization usually provides to the deprived families. Due to the economic down turn the families were facing a tough time and were finding it harder to survive. Since Dharma was packed up with the major collaboration and networking activities with the government departments and other organizations; it was not a cake-walk for her to look after the daily operations and functioning. But she was aware of the criticality and wanted to act on it, so she decided to promote one of the loyal and dedicated workers named Jenny to management role along with three new staff members for assistance. Within two months; things got off track and the staff got divided into two conflicting groups. As a result, neither the workers are feeling motivated nor they are willing to work in such a stressful and unhealthy culture now. To sort out the issue of inadequate and slow-paced services, Dharma took a quick decision to promote Jenny as she trusted her. As time was less and work was endless, Dharma delegated the responsibilities to Jenny without thorough discussions and in-depth analysis. Since, the management decisions were taken in haste and the approach lacked few important aspects; the organization is now facing ineffectiveness, inefficiency and conflicts. Dharmas noble thinking, vision, dedication, communication skills and perseverance have made her reach a stable and steady level; now she just cannot afford to lose a full-fledged team of workers and volunteers. All her efforts and hard work would go in vain; if corrective measures are not adopted. Nerve-wracking environment, demotivated employees and dissented team can lead to organizational failure. Being a consultant; the paramount responsibilities would be to research and analyze the best approach and practices related to management decisions, effective leadership, cooperation and organizational change management. Research and Analysis Organizations achieve success when people, processes and practices work in synchronization or cohesion. Factors like socio-economic conditions, political environment, and technological revolution bring major changes in the organizations and the art to welcome, adapt to and manage the changes lies in the correct management decisions which promote strength, support and unity (Tran Tian, 2013). But unfortunately many organizations like Helping Hand face situations of distress and mistrust because of hasty decisions, inadequate research and ineffective leadership (Shulman, 2010). A research journal by Scott Ballantyne explores the relationship between leadership and decision-making. According to Ballantyne, the prime responsibility of a leader during decision-making is to follow a collaborative approach which encourages the employees to share ideas, philosophies and opinions. Inclusive and collaborative leadership empower the employees to participate in the decision-making processes making them feel motivated and valued. Such decisions usually are very effective and fruitful (Ballantyne, 2011). A leader needs to realize the importance of cohesion, team-building and sharing. It is crucial for a leader to understand that a team of enthused and inspired members can never make wrong decisions (Janczak, 2005). Though the journal explains the importance of a leader whose style and approach promote positivity and creativity but a close analysis of the case highlights the trust and expectations that Dharma had on the capabilities and performance of Jenny. She was always a motivated and committed worker therefore; her attitude had to be positive, energetic and inspiring. But, on the contrary, Jenny could not handle the team effectively. She could not motivate the workers, in fact she was accused of publicly criticizing the staff and dividing the team. Why did it happen? How is it possible for a self-motivated and devoted worker to not practice effective leadership? Why her inspiring and dedicated attitude took a backseat after promotion? Why could not she manage her roles and responsibilities despite of being a great worker? Why her decisions became noxious for the organization? The answer to all the questions and doubts above is lack of proper training. Dharmas decision to promote Jenny to a newly created management role could have been fruitful if proper training and development sessions were organized for her. As they say haste makes waste; a similar situation has soared in the organization. In a research project by Jean B. Leslie, four chief skills for an effective leadership are leading people, strategic planning, inspiring commitment and managing change. Unfortunately, these are the weakest competencies for todays leaders because of inadequate training and development. Even if the leader is sensitive and compassionate, insufficient preparation for future challenges and high-end tasks can lead to doomed work climate and poor performances (Leslie, 2009). Jenny, despite of being a great performer could not handle the leadership pressure. She somehow failed at managing the staff and keeping them enthused as she was not provided with proper guidance and coaching. But; is it not crucial to provide counselling and guidance to the employees as well? Is it not beneficial to mentally prepare the employees to welcome and accept the new managers and leaders? What if the manager or the leader is striving hard to gain the trust and foster a maven team but the employees remain rigid? A research by MIJARC Europe on NGO management training argues that training and development is a two-way process. If the leaders and managers are required to undergo training sessions then the workers and volunteers also require guidance and mentoring on how to adapt to the new changes, how to understand the management strategies formulated by managers and leaders and how to strengthen the relationships (Coosemans, 2013). It usually happens that even if the leader is trying hard to introduce positive changes or if he is making an effort to improvise on the strategies or practices; the workers become resistant and do not try to participate or even act accordingly (Trevithick, 2007). Helping Hand might be facing the same issue. Neither Jenny nor the staff was prepared for this change. Being a consultant, analyzing the importance of effective leadership and promoting the concept of training and development wont be enough. There are still few significant questions which need to be answered. Do training and development programs guarantee superior performances? Can such sessions directly lead to effective leadership and team-building? If training sessions are not organized thoroughly then what alternatives could help? The answer lies in the research article named The role of supervision in social work: A critical analysis by Jeanne Marie Hughes which explores that effective supervision improves the quality of daily operations and activities. It is educative, supportive and managerial in nature. Supervision examines and evaluates the ideas, practices and processes and enlightens the employees about the correct directions (Hughes, 2010). Dharma had promoted Jenny but could not train her since she was occupied with other crucial tasks but sadly she could not even manage to supervise Jennys approaches and attitude as a leader. She should have been there to oversee, monitor, guide and support Jenny and the staff members. National Association of Social Workers, in its research named Best Practice Standards in Supervision explains that effective supervision is essential for addressing a variety of issues and taking corrective measures (Tsui, 2005). Supervisors play a key role in the personal, professional and organizational development. They need to ensure whether the managers or leaders are able to formulate expected standards and strategies or not, whether they have the ability to cultivate and nurture a motivated and cohesive team or not and whether the changes, improvisations and innovations are being successfully implemented or not (Fuller Petch, 2005). Had Dharma been there to supervise and guide the team, the case would have been different. Conclusion As a consultant it is the foremost responsibility to not only analyse what has gone wrong but also to examine why has it gone wrong and how could it be sorted. Establishing an organization is not a childs play; it requires patience and risk taking ability along with years of hard-work, diligence, experimenting and networking. But speedy decisions, ignorance and lack of supervision and training and development programs can hamper the organizational culture and ruin the efficiency and effectiveness as in the case of Dharmas not-for-profit organization. Helping Hand has been experiencing a jarring and jolting phase and being a consultant it was a prerequisite to understand the criticality of the situation by analysing the various studies and research works which are conducted, so that apposite recommendations can be provided to Dharma. The research and analysis has clearly portrayed the value of making decisions strategically and diagnostically. The analysis has shown the importance of effective leadership, collaborative work practices, strong bonding, effective change management process, training and development and supervision. Recommendations Now that the reasons behind the issues are detected; it is important to recommend certain corrective measures that need to be executed in order to bring everything back on track. Firstly, it is vital for Dharma to devote her time in patiently listening and considering the views, opinions, grievances and queries of Jenny, staff members and volunteers. Dharma has to let everyone speak out the issues, troubles and scrapes they are going through. It is quite important to understand the mind-set and outlook of every employee. Evaluation of the actual behaviour, attitude and approach of Jenny needs to be conducted as well. It has been proven that once the employees speak their minds out and pour their hearts out; it gets easier for them to remain calm and unruffled. At this point of time, Dharma needs to carefully make them understand that new changes bring new challenges and quitting the job without trying out for the solutions is sheer escapism. Motivational interactions could be very beneficial as employees would feel heard and valued. Once the evaluation is done and employees are unflustered, training goals could be easily understood and accordingly training and development programs could be framed. Training delivery methods should be interactive, enlightening, collaborative and innovative leading to constructivism, intrinsic motivation and cooperation. Once the training interventions are over; it would be the primary responsibility of Dharma to manage time out of the busy schedule and conduct an effective supervision regularly. References Tsui, M 2005, Social work supervision: Contexts and concepts, Sage Publications, New York. Trevithick, P 2007, Social Work Skills: A Practice Handbook, Open University Press, New York. Shulman, L 2010, Interactional supervision, NASW Press, Washington DC. Ballantyne, S 2011, Leadership and decision-making, Journal of management and marketing research, vol. 4, issue no. 3, pp. 1-6. Janczak, S 2005, The strategic decision-making process in organizations, Journal of problems and perspectives in management, vol. 6, issue no. 3, pp. 3-69. Tran, Q and Tian, Y 2013, Organizational effectiveness: Influencing factors and impact on firms, American journal of industrial and business management, vol. 3, issue no. 1, pp. 229-236. Matthews J, 2010, Organizational effectiveness, Journal of business management, vol. 6, issue no. 4, pp. 3-49. Pisani, A 2005, Talk to me: Supervisees disclosure in supervision, Journal of social work management, vol. 23, issue no. 8, pp. 29-47. Leslie, J 2009, The leadership gap, viewed 26 May 2016, https://www.hreonline.com/pdfs/02012010Extra_CLCStudy.pdf Hughes, J 2010, The role of supervision in social work, Journal of policy and practice, vol. 2, issue no. 1, pp. 60-72. NASW 2013, Best practice standards in social work supervision, viewed 27 May 2016, https://www.hreonline.com/pdfs/02012010Extra_CLCStudy.pdf